<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">\documentclass[twoside,single]{lion-msc}

\title{The \texttt{lion-msc} document class}
\author{Michiel de Dood}

%\affiliation{Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University}   % this is the default value
%\affiliation{Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden University}                     % for theoretical physics

%\affiliation{Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Universiteit Leiden}   % experimental physics in Dutch
%\affiliation{Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden}                       % theoretical physics in Dutch

%\address{P.O. Box 9500, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands}               % default address - uncomment if need be

% \newdate{date}{\day}{\month}{\year}           % definition of time and date using datetime package
%\newdate{date}{27}{08}{2010}
%\date{\displaydate{date}}

%\studentid{19750118}                           % check you student ID, LaTeX does not do this
%\abstract{Here goes a wonderful abstract.}     % limit your self to 1/2 page or 500 words
%\supervisor{Jan Aarts}                         % Note that this should be a LION staff member!
%\corrector{to be defined}                      % This could be a LION staff member or your external supervisor

%\degree{Master of Science}                     % The default option is "Bachelor of Science", change if needed

%\major{Physics and Astronomy}                  % The default option is "Physics", change if needed
%\major{Physics and Mathematics}

% optional cover picture - should be jpg or pdf
% \coverpicture{\includegraphics[width=13cm]{thesisstyle.png}}

% Use this to make hyperlinks visible in the document.
% \hypersetup{colorlinks=true}

% ---------------------------------------------------------------- My defintions!
% \renewcommand{\vec}[1] {\ensuremath{ \overrightarrow{ #1 } }}
\renewcommand{\vec}[1] {\ensuremath{ \mathbf{ #1 } }}
% \bra \ket \braket and \proj
\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\ensuremath{\langle #1 \vert}}
\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\ensuremath{\vert #1 \rangle}}
\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\ensuremath{\langle #1 \vert #2 \rangle}}
\newcommand{\proj}[1]{\ensuremath{\vert #1 \rangle \langle #1 \vert}}

\newcommand{\kpar}{\ensuremath{k_\parallel}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------

% \usepackage{tocloft}
% \renewcommand{\cftchapdotsep}{\cftdotsep}

\begin{document}

% roman numbering in the table of contents section
\pagenumbering{roman}

\maketitle

% Table of contents :  it is a good idea to include this into your thesis
\tableofcontents
\cleardoublepage

% The following list of figures and list of tables are optional. Remove the comments if needed
%\listoffigures
%\newpage

%\listoftables
%\newpage

% in the main part of the document use standard arabic numbers. Page counter resets to 1.
\pagenumbering{arabic}

\chapter{Description of the document class \textrm{lion-msc}}

This chapter describes the \textrm{lion-msc} document class. The aim of this document class is to assist staff, students and the university administration with the creation of bachelor and master theses. By using this document class we create a document that has a first page that contains all required information such as title, author, student ID, supervisor, second corrector etc.

Some of the compulsory features are standardized, many other have default values. More experienced \LaTeX users can easily modify the feel and look of the document, but should try not too modify the first pages of the thesis. This is the page that should be handed in to the university administration that keeps this on file together with the grade given by the staff member of the physics department.

At a later stage all bachelor and master theses will be placed in an online repository that is, in principle, publicly available. This repository will look better (more professional) if the first pages and layout of theses is similar.

The use of a specialized document class is a method that is used by many scientific journals to ensure that all submitted articles contain all necessary information. Publishers only accept articles that are typeset according to certain rules. \LaTeX style files and templates are often provided to help authors to comply with the style of the journal.

Currently the document class is still under active development and will be improved. If you use this style to typeset your thesis please do check frequently for updates of the files \textrm{lion-msc.cls} and the associated bibliography style file \textrm{lion-msc.bst}.

\section{Getting Started}

Unzip the zip file into a directory and start with the file minimal.tex. On most systems this should compile if you have the 'lion-msc.cls' file and 'minimal.tex' in the same working directory. 'lion-msc' is based on the report class and any valid option for a report can be passed onto lion-msc. In addition, lion-msc uses several additional packages. Most modern \LaTeX systems have features that allow you to automatically get missing files if your computer is connected to the internet.

A minimal \LaTeX document that should compile with pdf\LaTeX is the following (I called this file 'minimal.tex')

\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[twoside,single]{lion-msc}

\title{Title}
\author{A. Uthor}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\chapter{Chapter 1}

Here you type the text for the first chapter of
your thesis.

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}

If problems arise at this point check if you compile \LaTeX directly to pdf. The older route that converts tex files to dvi files and then to postscript is not supported. It is very unlikely that this will be supported in the future.

If problems persist check if you have all necessary files in the right location, most notably 'lion-msc.cls' and 'logo-leidenuniv.pdf'. If you placed the files in some standard location for your tex installation make sure that your installation knows about these files. A quicker, more fail-safe way around this is to place these files in the same working directory as the \LaTeX file that you are trying to compile.

Once you have made these steps take a look at lion-msc.tex as it contains a more complete template that shows how to use the lion-msc documentclass.

\subsection{Files in this package}

The files included with this package are the following:

\vskip 1em

\begin{tabular}{l l}
\hline
\textbf{lion-msc.cls}        &amp; documentclass file \\
\textbf{logo-leidenuniv.pdf} &amp; PDF file with logo of Leiden University. \\
                             &amp; This file is required by the document class \\
\textbf{lion-msc.bst}        &amp; bibliography style file that can be used with bibtex \\
\textbf{lion-msc.layout}     &amp; layout file used for integration with LyX environment \\
\textbf{minimal.tex}         &amp; Minimal \LaTeX file demonstrating the use of \\
                             &amp; lion-msc.cls \\
\textbf{AlexanderPRA.tex}    &amp; \LaTeX file used as an example of a Master Thesis \\
\textbf{lion-msc.tex}        &amp; This file \\
\textbf{lion-msc.pdf}        &amp; PDF file of the compiled version of lion-msc.tex \\
\textbf{Fig1.png}            &amp; Figure used in AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\textbf{Fig2.png}            &amp; Figure used in AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\textbf{Fig3a.png}           &amp; Figure used in AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\textbf{Fig3b.png}           &amp; Figure used in AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\textbf{Fig4.png}            &amp; Figure used in AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\textbf{4photon.bib}         &amp; BibTeX database file for AlexanderPRA.tex \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\section{List of available commands and options}

This section gives an overview of special commands and options that are defined through this documentclass. You can use these to change the appearance of your thesis and to include all necessary information.

\subsection{lion-msc options}

Lion-msc inherits and passes its options to the report class. By default the class uses [a4paper, 12pt, fleqn]. If desired this can be passed on by including valid report class options to the options of lion-msc.

\begin{tabular}{l l}
\hline
\textbf{double}        &amp; (default) double line spacing, useful for drafts \\
\textbf{single}        &amp; single line spacing. This looks better in the final version \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\subsection{Specific lion-msc commands}

With the lion-msc documentclass most of the required information is entered in the preamble of the \LaTeX document (i.e. before $\backslash$begin\{document\}). This information is made visible by using the $\backslash$maketitle command. This should be the first command after $\backslash$begin\{document\}.

Note that you have to fill out the required options. If you leave these empty, instructions will appear in red on the title page. Most of these commands are quite flexible. For instance you can insert newline characters ($\backslash \backslash$) in the affiliation command. This is practical if you do a project outside LION.

\begin{tabular}{l l}
\hline
\textbf{$\backslash$author}       &amp; (required) Defines the author  \\
\textbf{$\backslash$title}        &amp; (required) Defines the title of your thesis \\
\textbf{$\backslash$abstract}     &amp; (required) Provide your abstract here, \\
                                  &amp; making sure that it fits on the page.\\
\textbf{$\backslash$affiliation}  &amp; Sets the affiliation to something else than \\
                                  &amp; the default value. \\
\textbf{$\backslash$address}      &amp; Use this to change the default address if needed. \\
\textbf{$\backslash$studentid}    &amp; (required) enter your student ID (studentnummer) \\
\textbf{$\backslash$supervisor}   &amp; (required) provide a valid supervisor. This should \\
                                  &amp; be a staff member of the Leiden Physics Department \\
\textbf{$\backslash$corrector}    &amp; (required) provide the name of the 2$^{nd}$ corrector. \\
                                  &amp; This could be an external supervisor. \\
\textbf{$\backslash$degree}       &amp; (optional) Default is "Bachelor of Science"\\
                                  &amp; Use this to change the default value. \\
\textbf{$\backslash$major}        &amp; (optional) Default is "Physics" \\
                                  &amp; Use this to change the default value. \\
\textbf{$\backslash$coverpicture} &amp; (optional) Insert a cover picture on the first page \\
                                  &amp; Usage: \\
                                  &amp; $\backslash$coverpicture\{$\backslash$includegraphics[width=13cm]\{picture.jpg\}\} \\
\textbf{$\backslash$dedicate} 	  &amp; (optional) Use this to dedicate your thesis to someone. \\
								  &amp; Please do respect the university guidelines for this! \\

\hline
\end{tabular}

Note that these commands are highly flexible and a bit a \LaTeX knowledge will allow you to make all kinds of smart modifications. A common, and reasonable desire is to give credit to the PhD student or postdoc that guided you during the project. You can do this by trying the following code: \\
$\backslash$supervisor\{PhD student $\backslash \backslash$ $\backslash$hspace*\{$\backslash$fill\}Supervisor\}.\\
Note that you should always have a staff member from Leiden as your supervisor because this person is authorized to give you the final grade.

\subsection{Packages and additional styling tips}

This documentclass uses a number of standard packages, such as amsmath, amssymb for extra functions and symbols to display math and the graphicx package to display graphics in the document. It uses the natbib package to deal with references to automatically sort and compress multiple references. I do not recommend making changes to this in the document preamble. In particular the interplay between natbib and the bibliography style can give very unexpected results.

The default configuration also uses the hyperref package to create a pdf with hyperlinks. The links are hidden so that the text looks normal; try clicking one of the references or in the table of contents and you will see that you are automatically brought to the appropriate reference or section.

The use of packages inside the documentclass can cause an error when you try to use a package within your \LaTeX document. This typically happens when both the documentclass and your own \LaTeX document use some options. There is a $\backslash$PassOptionsToPackage command that you can use before the $\backslash$documentclass to try to pass the desired option to the package.

\subsubsection{Headers with fancyhdr}
The headers and footers on each page contain some useful info. This is done using the \verb"fancyhdr" package. You can change the appearance of these by using the $\backslash$fancyhead and $\backslash$fancyfoot commands. See the \verb"fancyhdr" documentation for details. You can also open lion-msc.cls in a text editor and look for these commands. You can place your own commands before the $\backslash$begin\{document\} command in your \LaTeX file. The grey text at the bottom with date and time is there to help you and your supervisor to keep track of the version, so that we do not end up correcting an old version. It may look somewhat strange in the final version and can be removed by using\\
$\backslash$fancyfoot[CE,CO]\{\}.

\subsubsection{Table of contents styling}

Some people may want to get the original dots back into the table of contents. There is an old-fashioned way of doing this without extra packages. Insert the following in the document preamble. The separation of 4.5 is the default value and can be changed to tune the spacing between dots.
\begin{verbatim}
\makeatletter
\renewcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
\makeatother
\end{verbatim}
An alternative is to use the \verb"tocloft" package that offers additional styling options. Insert the following to use this package. (Suggestion by Casper Remeijer)
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{tocloft}
\renewcommand{\cftchapdotsep}{\cftdotsep}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{svg figures}

Thanks to Fabian Steinmeyer the svg package is now enabled by default, i.e. loaded inside the lion-msc class. 

The svg package is intended for the automated integration of SVG graphics into LaTeX documents. Therefore the capabilities provided by Inkscape â€” or more precisely its command line tool â€” are used to export the text within an SVG graphic to a separate file, which is then rendered by LaTeX. For this purpose the two commands \verb#\includesvg# and \verb#\includeinkscape# are provided which are very similar to the \verb#\includegraphics# command of the graphicx package. 


\subsubsection{Subfigures}

It can be quite useful to have multiple figures next to each other. This can be done with the \verb"subcaption" package. (Suggestion by Casper Remeijer)

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[labelformat=simple,justification=centering]{subcaption}
\renewcommand\thesubfigure{(\alph{subfigure})}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{Typesetting of units}

Some people rely on a package called 'siunitx' to deal with the correct typesetting of units in the SI system. The following commands could be added 
to the document preamble. (Suggestion by Casper Remeijer)

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\sisetup{separate-uncertainty = true, multi-part-units = single, inter-unit-product = \ensuremath { { } \cdot { } }} 
    % use \pm symbol for uncertainty values, don't repeat the unit, unit multiplication is indicated by means of a half-height dot
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{Indentation of paragraphs}

Some people do not like the standard LaTeX indentation at the beginning of the paragraph. This can be changed using the parskip package

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{parskip}
\end{verbatim}

\section{Using LyX}

Lyx is a powerfull visual editor that used LateX for typesetting. It exports .tex files that can be submitted to journals. Specifically the visual formula editor is very usefull. It also support track-changes, which is very usefull when collaborating. Some people do not like LyX.

\subsection{Installation}

In order to use the lion-msc style in LyX, the latex style should be installed systemwide. With miktex this is done automatically. Now identify the lion-msc.layout file. It might be located at "c:{\textbackslash}program files{\textbackslash}miktex{\textbackslash}doc{\textbackslash}lion-msc".

The next thing to do is to set the document class to a local layout and choose for the
\emph{lion-msc.layout} file:

Documents $\rhd$ Settings $\rhd$ Document Class $\rhd$ Local-layout

\include{AlexanderPRA}

%\appendix
%\include{appa}

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This research was made possible by financial support from the Dutch Association for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research of Matter (FOM).

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{4photon}

\end{document}

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