<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient.
% Copyright (C) 2003 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry.
% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions.

\input macros
\chapter{ä½¿ç”¨ \TeX}

\chapterdef{usingtex}

% Avoid underfull box complaint about the empty paragraph
% that precedes the first section heading.
%
\def\par{{\parfillskip = 0pt plus 1fil\endgraf}\let\par=\endgraf}
\vglue-\abovesectionskip % we've skipped enough already
\vskip0pt % Make \combineskips work.

%\section Turning input into ink
\section ä»Žé”®ç›˜è¾“å…¥å˜åˆ°æ²¹å¢¨

%\subsection Programs and files you need
\subsection æ‰€éœ€çš„ç¨‹åºå’Œæ–‡ä»¶

%In order to produce a \TeX\ document, you'll need to run the \TeX\
%program and several related programs as well.  You'll also need
%supporting files for \TeX\ and possibly for these other programs.  In
%this book we can tell you about \TeX, but we can't tell you about the
%other programs and the supporting files except in very general terms
%because they depend on your local \TeX\ environment.  The people who
%provide you with \TeX\ should be able to supply you with what we call
%\emph{local information}.
%\pix^^{local information}
%The local information tells you how to
%start up \TeX, how to use the related programs, and how to gain access
%to the supporting files.
ä¸ºäº†åˆ¶ä½œä¸€ä¸ª \TeX\ æ–‡æ¡£, ä½&nbsp;å¿…éœ€è¿è¡Œ \TeX\ åŠå…¶ç›¸å…³è½¯ä»¶.
ä½&nbsp;åŒæ—¶ä¹Ÿéœ€è¦ä¸€äº› \TeX\ åŠå…¶ç›¸å…³è½¯ä»¶æ‰€ç”¨åˆ°çš„è¾…åŠ©æ–‡ä»¶.
åœ¨è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦ä¸­, æˆ‘ä»¬ä»…ä»…è°ˆè®º \TeX\ å’Œä¸€äº›é€šç”¨çš„è½¯ä»¶åŠè¾…åŠ©æ–‡ä»¶,
ä¸è¿‡æˆ‘ä»¬ä¸ä¼šä»‹ç»å…¶å®ƒçš„, å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬ä»…ä»…å’Œä½&nbsp;è‡ªå·±çš„ \TeX\ çŽ¯å¢ƒç›¸å…³.
ä¸ºä½&nbsp;æä¾› \TeX\ çš„äººå¯ä»¥ä¸ºä½&nbsp;æä¾›æˆ‘ä»¬æ‰€è¯´çš„\emph{æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯}.
\pix^^{æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯}
è¿™äº›æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯å¯ä»¥å‘Šè¯‰ä½&nbsp;å¦‚ä½•åŽ»å¯åŠ¨ \TeX, å¦‚ä½•åŽ»ä½¿ç”¨ç›¸å…³çš„ç¨‹åº,
ä»¥åŠå¦‚ä½•åŽ»è®¿é—®è¿™äº›æ‰€ç”¨åˆ°çš„è¾…åŠ©æ–‡ä»¶.

%Input to \TeX\ consists of a file of ordinary text that you can prepare
%with a ^{text editor}.  A \TeX\ input file, unlike an input file for a
%typical word processor, doesn't ordinarily contain any invisible
%^{control characters}.
%Everything that \TeX\ sees is visible to you too if you
%look at a listing of the file.
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ª ^{æ–‡æœ¬ç¼–è¾‘å™¨} æ¥ç¼–å†™ä¸€ä¸ªå¯ä»¥è¾“å…¥åˆ° \TeX\ çš„æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬æ–‡ä»¶.
ä¸€ä¸ª \TeX\ è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶å’Œä¸€ä¸ªæ–‡å­—å¤„ç†è½¯ä»¶çš„è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ä¸åŒ, å®ƒé€šå¸¸å¹¶ä¸å­˜åœ¨ä»»ä½•ä¸å¯è§çš„^{æŽ§åˆ¶å­—ç¬¦}.
ä»»ä½• \TeX\ è¯»åˆ°çš„å­—ç¬¦å¯¹ä½&nbsp;æ¥è¯´, éƒ½æ˜¯ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥çœ‹åˆ°çš„.

%Your input file may turn out to be little more than a skeleton that
%calls for other input files.  \TeX\ users often organize large documents
%such as books this way.  You can use the ^|\input| command (\xref\input)
%to embed one input file within another.  In particular, you can use
%|\input| to incorporate files containing \emph{macro definitions}---%
%^^{macros//in auxiliary files}
%auxiliary definitions that enhance \TeX's capabilities.
%If any macro files are available at your \TeX\ installation, the local
%information about \TeX\ should tell you how to get at the macro files
%and what they can do for you.  The standard form of \TeX,
%the one described in this book, incorporates a
%collection of macros and other definitions known as ^{\plainTeX}
%(\xref{\plainTeX}).
ä½&nbsp;çš„è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶, å¯ä»¥ä»…ä»…æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå¼•ç”¨å…¶å®ƒè¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶çš„æ¡†æž¶.
\TeX\ ç”¨æˆ·å¾€å¾€æŠŠå¤§çš„æ–‡æ¡£, æ¯”å¦‚è¯´è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦, ç»„ç»‡æˆè¿™ç§å½¢å¼.
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨ ^|\input| å‘½ä»¤ (\xref\input) æ¥æŠŠä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ç¯å…¥åˆ°å¦ä¸€ä¸ªä¸­.
ç‰¹åˆ«åœ°, ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨ |\input|æ¥è°ƒå…¥åŒ…å«\emph{å®å®šä¹‰}çš„æ–‡ä»¶,
^^{å®//åœ¨è¾…åŠ©æ–‡ä»¶ä¸­}
å®å®šä¹‰æ˜¯ä¸€äº›è¾…åŠ©çš„å®šä¹‰, å®ƒå¯ä»¥æ¥å¢žå¼º \TeX\ çš„åŠŸèƒ½.
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;çš„ \TeX\ ç³»ç»Ÿä¸­åŒ…å«ä»»ä½•çš„å®æ–‡ä»¶,
å’Œ \TeX\ ç›¸å…³çš„æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯ä¼šå‘Šè¯‰ä½&nbsp;å¦‚ä½•å¾—åˆ°è¿™äº›å®æ–‡ä»¶,
ä»¥åŠå®ƒä»¬çš„åŠŸèƒ½.
\TeX\ çš„æ&nbsp;‡å‡†å®‰è£…å½¢å¼, ä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯åœ¨è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦ä¸­æ‰€æè¿°çš„, 
åŒ…æ‹¬äº†ä¸€ä¸ªè¢«ç§°ä¸º ^{\plainTeX} (\xref{\plainTeX}) çš„å®é›†.

%When \TeX\ processes your document, it produces a file called the
%^{\dvifile}.  The abbreviation ``|dvi|'' stands for ``device
%independent''.  The abbreviation was chosen because the information in
%the \dvifile\ is independent of the device that you use to print or
%display your document.
å½“ \TeX\ å¤„ç†ä½&nbsp;çš„æ–‡æ¡£æ—¶, å®ƒä¼šäº§ç”Ÿä¸€ç§å«åš  ^{\dvifile} çš„æ–‡ä»¶.
å…¶ä¸­, ``|dvi|'' çš„å…¨ç§°ä¸º ``device independent (è®¾å¤‡æ—&nbsp;å…³)''.
ä¹‹æ‰€ä»¥é€‰ç”¨è¿™ä¸ªç¼©å†™, æ˜¯å›&nbsp;ä¸º \dvifile\ ä¸­æ‰€åŒ…å«çš„ä¿¡æ¯å’Œä½&nbsp;çš„æ‰“å°æˆ–æ˜¾ç¤ºè®¾å¤‡æ—&nbsp;å…³.

%To print your document or view it with a \emph{previewer},
%^^{previewer}
%you need to process the ^{\dvifile} with
%a \emph{device driver\/} program.
%^^{device drivers}
%(A previewer is a program  that
%enables you to see on a screen some approximation of what the typeset
%output will look like.)
%Different output devices usually
%require different device drivers.
%After running the device driver,
%you may also need to transfer the output of the device driver to the
%printer or other output device.
%^^{printers} ^^{output devices}
%The local information about \TeX\ should tell
%you how to get the correct device driver and use it.
å½“ä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦æ‰“å°æˆ–ä½¿ç”¨\emph{é˜…è§ˆå™¨}æŸ¥çœ‹ä½&nbsp;çš„æ–‡æ¡£æ—¶, ^^{é˜…è§ˆå™¨}
ä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦ä½¿ç”¨ç›¸åº”çš„\emph{è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨}æ¥å¤„ç†ä¹‹. ^^{è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨}
(é˜…è§ˆå™¨æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç¨‹åº, å®ƒèƒ½æŠŠå’Œæ‰“å°å‡ºæ¥çš„ç»“æžœå·®ä¸å¤šçš„æŽ’ç‰ˆå†…å®¹æ˜¾ç¤ºåœ¨å±å¹•ä¸Š.)
ä¸åŒçš„è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡å¾€å¾€éœ€è¦ä¸åŒçš„è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨. åœ¨è¿è¡Œè®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨ä»¥åŽ,
ä½&nbsp;è¿˜éœ€è¦æŠŠè®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨è¾“å‡ºçš„å†…å®¹ä¼&nbsp;è¾“åˆ°æ‰“å°æœºæˆ–è€…å…¶å®ƒè¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡ä¸Š.
^^{æ‰“å°æœº} ^^{è¾“å‡ºè®¾å¤‡}
å’Œ \TeX\ ç›¸å…³çš„æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯ä¼šå‘Šè¯‰ä½&nbsp;å¦‚ä½•å¾—åˆ°æ­£ç¡®çš„è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨å’Œå¦‚ä½•ä½¿ç”¨å®ƒ.

%Since \TeX\ has no built-in knowledge of particular fonts, it uses
%\emph{font files}
%^^{font files}
%to obtain information about the fonts used in your
%document.  The font files should also be part of your local \TeX\
%environment.  Each font normally requires two files: one containing the
%dimensions of the characters in the font (the \emph{metrics file})
%^^{metrics file}
%and one containing the shapes of the characters (the \emph{shape file}).
%^^{shape file}
%Magnified versions of a font share the metrics file but have
%different shape files. ^^{magnification} Metrics files are sometimes
%referred to as ^{\tfmfile}s, and the different varieties of shape files
%are sometimes referred to as ^{\pkfile}s, ^{\pxlfile}s, and ^{\gffile}s.
%These names correspond to the names of the files that \TeX\ and its
%companion programs use.  For example, |cmr10.tfm| is the metrics file
%for the |cmr10| font (10-point Computer Modern Roman).
å›&nbsp;ä¸º \TeX\ å†…éƒ¨å¹¶æ²¡æœ‰ä»»ä½•å…³äºŽä¸€ä¸ªç‰¹å®šå­—ä½“çš„ä»»ä½•ä¿¡æ¯,
å®ƒä½¿ç”¨\emph{å­—ä½“æ–‡ä»¶}
^^{å­—ä½“æ–‡ä»¶}
æ¥å¾—åˆ°ä½&nbsp;æ–‡æ¡£ä¸­æ‰€ä½¿ç”¨çš„å­—ä½“çš„ä¿¡æ¯.
å­—ä½“æ–‡ä»¶ä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä½&nbsp;æœ¬åœ° \TeX\ çŽ¯å¢ƒçš„ä¸€ä¸ªç»„æˆéƒ¨åˆ†.
ä¸€ä¸ªå­—ä½“ä¸€èˆ¬å¯¹åº”ä¸¤ä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶:
ä¸€ä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶ (\emph{å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶}) ^^{åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶} åŒ…æ‹¬äº†å­—ä½“ä¸­æ¯ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦çš„å¤§å°ä¿¡æ¯,
å¦ä¸€ä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶ (\emph{å­—ä½“è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶}) ^^{è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶} åˆ™æè¿°äº†å­—ä½“ä¸­å­—ç¬¦çš„å½¢çŠ¶.
ä¸€ä¸ªå­—ä½“çš„ç¼©æ”¾ç‰ˆæœ¬ä½¿ç”¨åŒæ&nbsp;·çš„å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶, ä¸è¿‡å¹¶ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ç›¸åŒçš„å­—ä½“è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶.
^^{æ”¾å¤§çŽ‡}
å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶å¾€å¾€ç”¨æ¥æŒ‡ç§° ^{\tfmfile},
è€Œå­—ä½“è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶åˆ™å¾€å¾€ç”¨æ¥æŒ‡ç§° ^{\pkfile}, ^{\pxlfile} å’Œ ^{\gffile} ç­‰ä¸åŒçš„ç§ç±».
è¿™äº›åç§°å’Œ \TeX\ ä»¥åŠç›¸å…³è½¯ä»¶æ‰€ä½¿ç”¨çš„æ–‡ä»¶çš„æ–‡ä»¶åæ‰€å¯¹åº”.
æ¯”å¦‚, |cmr10.tfm| ä¸º |cmr10| å­—ä½“çš„å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶ (10-ç‚¹çš„è®¡ç®—æœºçŽ°ä»£å­—ä½“).

%\TeX\ itself uses only the metrics file, since it doesn't care what the
%characters look like but only how much space they occupy.  The device
%driver ordinarily uses the shape file, since it's responsible for
%creating the printed image of each typeset character.  Some device
%drivers need to use the metrics file as well.  Some device drivers can
%utilize fonts that are resident in a printer and don't need shape files
%for those fonts.
%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}
\TeX\ æœ¬èº«ä»…ä½¿ç”¨å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶, å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒåªå…³å¿ƒè¿™ä¸ªå­—ä½“çš„å­—ç¬¦å&nbsp;ç”¨äº†å¤šå¤§çš„ç©ºé—´,
è€Œå¹¶ä¸å…³å¿ƒè¿™ä¸ªå­—ä½“çš„å¤–å½¢æ˜¯ä»€ä¹ˆæ&nbsp;·å­çš„.
è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨åˆ™å¾€å¾€éœ€è¦ä½¿ç”¨å­—ä½“è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶,
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒéœ€è¦è´Ÿè´£æŠŠæ¯ä¸ªæŽ’å‡ºçš„å­—ç¬¦å˜æˆå°å‡ºçš„å›¾å½¢.
æŸäº›è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨ä¹Ÿéœ€è¦ä½¿ç”¨å­—ä½“åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶.
ä¸€äº›è®¾å¤‡é©±åŠ¨å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨æ‰“å°æœºä¸­åŒ…å«çš„å­—ä½“,
æ‰€ä»¥å¯ä»¥ä¸éœ€è¦è¿™äº›å­—ä½“çš„å­—ä½“è½®å»“æ–‡ä»¶.
%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}


%\subsection Running {\TeX}
\subsection{è¿è¡Œ \TeX}

%\bix^^{running \TeX}
%You can run \TeX\ on an input file |screed.tex| by typing
%^^{input files}
%something like `|run tex|' or just `|tex|' (check your local information).
%\TeX\ will respond with something like:
%% 4/23/90 is Shakespeare's 426th birthday, and Karl's 26th.
%\csdisplay
%This is TeX, Version 3.0 (preloaded format=plain 90.4.23)
%**
%|
%The ``preloaded format'' here refers to a predigested form of the
%^{\plainTeX} macros that come with \TeX.
%You can now type `|screed|' to get \TeX\ to process your file.
%When it's done, you'll see something like:
%\csdisplay
%(screed.tex [1] [2] [3] )
%Output written on screed.dvi (3 pages, 400 bytes).
%Transcript written on screed.log.
%|
%displayed on your terminal, or printed in the record of your
%run if you're not working at a terminal.  Most of this output is
%self-explanatory.
%The numbers in brackets are page numbers that \TeX\ displays when it
%ships out each page of your document to the \dvifile.
%\TeX\ will usually assume an
%extension `|.tex|' to an input file name
%if the input file name you gave doesn't
%have an extension.  For some forms of \TeX\ you may be able to
%invoke \TeX\ directly for an input file by typing:
%\csdisplay
%tex screed
%|
%or something like this.
\bix^^{è¿è¡Œ \TeX}
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡è¾“å…¥ç±»ä¼¼ `|run tex|' æˆ– `|tex|' (æŸ¥çœ‹ä½&nbsp;çš„æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯) æ¥è¿è¡Œ \TeX\ æ¥å¤„ç†ä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ |screed.tex|.
^^{è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶}
\TeX\ ä¼šä½œå‡ºå¦‚ä¸‹æ˜¾ç¤º
% 4/23/90 is Shakespeare's 426th birthday, and Karl's 26th.
\csdisplay
This is TeX, Version 3.0 (preloaded format=plain 90.4.23)
**
|
åœ¨è¿™é‡Œ, ``preloaded format'' (å·²é¢„å…ˆè½½å…¥çš„æ&nbsp;¼å¼) æŒ‡çš„æ˜¯ \TeX\ æä¾›çš„ ^{\plainTeX} å®é›†çš„ä¸€ä¸ªå·±é¢„å…ˆäº§ç”Ÿçš„å½¢å¼.
çŽ°åœ¨ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥è¾“å…¥ `|screed|' æ¥è®© \TeX\ æ¥å¤„ç†ä½&nbsp;çš„æ–‡ä»¶.
å½“å¤„ç†ç»“æŸæ—¶, ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åœ¨ç»ˆç«¯æˆ–è€…æ‰“å°æœºå°å‡ºçš„è®°å½•ä¸Š (å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ç»ˆç«¯) å¾—åˆ°ç±»ä¼¼ä¸‹é¢çš„è¾“å‡º:
\csdisplay
(screed.tex [1] [2] [3] )
Output written on screed.dvi (3 pages, 400 bytes).
Transcript written on screed.log.
|
è¿™ä¸ªè¾“å‡ºå¤§éƒ¨åˆ†æ˜¯ä¸è¨€è‡ªæ˜Žçš„.
åœ¨æ‹¬å·ä¸­çš„æ•°å­—æ˜¯ \TeX\ åœ¨æŠŠæ¯é¡µå†…å®¹è¾“å…¥ \dvifile\ æ—¶æ‰€æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„å½“å‰é¡µç&nbsp;.
å½“ä½&nbsp;æä¾›çš„åä»¶åä¸å«æ‰©å±•åæ—¶, \TeX\ å¾€å¾€ä¼šæŠŠä½&nbsp;çš„æ–‡ä»¶æ‰©å±•åå½“ä½œ `|.tex|'.
åœ¨æŸäº› \TeX\ çŽ¯å¢ƒä¸­, ä½&nbsp;å¯èƒ½å¯ä»¥ç›´æŽ¥æ‰§è¡Œç±»ä¼¼ä¸‹é¢çš„è¯­å¥:
\csdisplay
tex screed
|
æ¥ç›´æŽ¥å¤„ç†æ–‡æ¡£.

%Instead of providing your \TeX\ input from a file, you can type it directly at
%your terminal.  To do so, type `^|\relax|' instead of `|screed|' at the
%`|**|' prompt.
%\TeX\ will now prompt you with a `|*|' for each line of input and interpret
%each line of input as it sees it.
%To terminate the input, type a command such as `|\bye|' that tells \TeX\
%you're done.
%Direct input is sometimes a handy way of experimenting with \TeX.
\TeX\ ä¸ä»…å¯ä»¥è¯»å–æ–‡ä»¶è¾“å…¥ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ç›´æŽ¥è¯»å–ä½&nbsp;åœ¨ç»ˆç«¯ä¸­çš„è¾“å…¥ï¼š
åªéœ€å°† `|**|' æç¤ºåŽçš„è¾“å…¥ä»Ž `|screed|' æ”¹ä¸º `^|\relax|'ã€‚
\TeX\ å°†åœ¨ä½&nbsp;è¾“å…¥çš„å„è¡Œå‰é¢ç»™å‡º `|*|' æç¤ºï¼Œ
å¹¶ä¸”é€è¡Œè§£é‡Šä½&nbsp;çš„è¾“å…¥ã€‚
è¾“å…¥ç±»ä¼¼ `|\bye|' è¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„å‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥ç»“æŸè¾“å…¥ã€‚
åœ¨è¯•éªŒ \TeX\ æ—¶ç›´æŽ¥è¾“å…¥æœ‰æ—¶æ›´æ–¹ä¾¿ã€‚

%When your input file contains other embedded input files, the displayed
%information indicates when \TeX\ begins and ends processing each
%embedded file.
%^^{input files//embedded}
%\xrdef{infiles}
%\TeX\ displays a left parenthesis and the file name
%when it starts working on a file and displays the corresponding right
%parenthesis when it's done with the file.
%If you get any ^{error messages} in the displayed output, you can match
%them with a file by looking for the most recent unclosed left parenthesis.
å½“ä½&nbsp;çš„è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶åŒ…å«å…¶ä»–åµŒå…¥çš„è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶æ—¶ï¼Œ
æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„ä¿¡æ¯ä¸­è¡¨æ˜Žäº† \TeX\ ä½•æ—¶å¼€å§‹å’Œç»“æŸå¤„ç†æ¯ä¸ªåµŒå…¥æ–‡ä»¶ã€‚
^^{è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶//åµŒå…¥è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶}
\xrdef{infiles}
å½“ \TeX\ å¼€å§‹å¤„ç†ä¸€ä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶æ—¶å®ƒæ˜¾ç¤ºä¸€ä¸ªå·¦åœ†æ‹¬å·å’Œè¯¥æ–‡ä»¶åï¼Œ
è€Œç»“æŸæ—¶æ˜¾ç¤ºä¸€ä¸ªå¯¹åº”çš„å³åœ†æ‹¬å·ã€‚
å¦‚æžœåœ¨æ‰€æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„è¾“å‡ºä¸­æœ‰ä»»ä½•^{é”™è¯¯ä¿¡æ¯}ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å°±èƒ½ä»Žæœ€æŽ¥è¿‘çš„æœªé…å¯¹å·¦åœ†æ‹¬å·ä¸­ç¡®å®šæ˜¯å“ªä¸ªæ–‡ä»¶å¼•èµ·çš„ã€‚

%For a more complete explanation of how to run \TeX,
%see \knuth{Chapter~6} and your ^{local information}.
%\eix^^{running \TeX}
è¦å¾—åˆ°å¦‚ä½•è¿è¡Œ\TeX\ çš„æ›´å®Œæ•´è§£é‡Šï¼Œ
å¯ä»¥è§\knuth{ç¬¬~6~ç«&nbsp;}ä»¥åŠä½&nbsp;çš„^{æœ¬åœ°ä¿¡æ¯}.
\eix^^{è¿è¡Œ \TeX}


%\section Preparing an input file
\section å‡†å¤‡è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶

%In this section we explain some of the conventions that you must follow in
%preparing input for \TeX\null.  Some of the information given here also
%appears in the examples in \chapterref{examples} of this book.
%^^{input, preparing}
åœ¨è¿™ä¸€èŠ‚ä¸­ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬è§£é‡Šå‡†å¤‡ \TeX\ è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶æ—¶å¿…é¡»éµå¾ªçš„ä¸€äº›çº¦å®šã€‚
å…¶ä¸­çš„æœ‰äº›ä¿¡æ¯åŒæ&nbsp;·å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨æœ¬ä¹¦\chapterref{examples}çš„ä¾‹å­ä¸­ã€‚
^^{è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶//å‡†å¤‡è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶}

%\subsection Commands and control sequences
\subsection å‘½ä»¤å’ŒæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—

%\bix^^{commands}
%\bix^^{control sequences}
%Input to \TeX\ consists of a sequence of commands that tell \TeX\ how to
%typeset your document.  Most characters act as commands of a particularly
%simple kind: ``typeset me''.  The letter `|a|', for instance, is a
%command to typeset an `a'.  But there's another kind of command---a
%\emph{control sequence}---that gives \TeX\ a more elaborate
%instruction.  A control sequence ordinarily starts with a backslash
%(|\|), though you can change that convention if you need to.
%\xrdef{@backslash}
%For instance, the input:
\bix^^{å‘½ä»¤}
\bix^^{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—}
\TeX\ çš„è¾“å…¥ç”±ä¸€ç³»åˆ—æŒ‡å¼• \TeX\ å¦‚ä½•æŽ’ç‰ˆæ–‡æ¡£çš„å‘½ä»¤ç»„æˆã€‚
å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†å­—ç¬¦å¦‚åŒä¸€ç§ç‰¹åˆ«ç®€å•çš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼š``æŽ’ç‰ˆæˆ‘''ã€‚
æ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œå­—æ¯ `|a|' æ˜¯ä½œä¸ºå‘½ä»¤å°†æŽ’ç‰ˆå‡º `a'ã€‚
ä½†æœ‰å¦ä¸€ç§å‘½ä»¤â€”â€”\emph{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—}ï¼ˆcontrol sequenceï¼‰â€”â€”å°†ç»™ \TeX\ æä¾›æ›´ç»†è‡´çš„æŒ‡ä»¤ã€‚
æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—é€šå¸¸ä»¥åæ–œæ&nbsp;(|\|)å¼€å¤´ï¼Œä½†å¿…è¦æ—¶ä½&nbsp;ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥æ›´æ”¹æ­¤çº¦å®šã€‚
\xrdef{@backslash}
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œä¸‹åˆ—è¾“å…¥ï¼š

%\csdisplay
%She plunged a dagger (\dag) into the villain's heart.
%|
%contains the control sequence |\dag|; it produces the typeset output:
%\display{%
%She plunged a dagger (\dag) into the villain's heart.
%}
%\noindent Everything in this example except for the |\dag| and the spaces
%acts like a ``typeset me'' command.  We'll explain more about spaces
%on \xrefpg{spaces}.
\csdisplay
She plunged a dagger (\dag) into the villain's heart.
|
åŒ…å«ä¸€ä¸ªæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—|\dag|ï¼›å®ƒæŽ’ç‰ˆå‡ºä¸‹åˆ—çš„è¾“å‡ºï¼š
\display{%
She plunged a dagger (\dag) into the villain's heart.
}
\noindent åœ¨è¿™ä¸ªä¾‹å­ä¸­ï¼Œ
é™¤ |\dag| å’Œç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ä¹‹å¤–çš„æ¯ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦éƒ½å¦‚åŒä¸€ä¸ª``æŽ’ç‰ˆæˆ‘''å‘½ä»¤ã€‚
åœ¨\xrefpg{spaces}ä¸­æˆ‘ä»¬å°†æ›´è¯¦ç»†åœ°è§£é‡Šç©ºæ&nbsp;¼çš„ä½œç”¨ã€‚

%There are two kinds of control sequences: \emph{control words}
%^^{control words}
%and \emph{control symbols}:
%^^{control symbols}
%\ulist\compact
%\li A control word consists of a
%backslash followed by one or more letters, e.g., `|\dag|'.
%The first character that isn't a letter marks the end
%of the control word.
%\li A control symbol consists of a backslash followed by a single character
%that isn't a letter, e.g., `|\$|'.
%The character can be a space or even the end of a line (which is a perfectly
%legitimate character).
%\endulist
æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—å¯åˆ†ä¸º\emph{æŽ§åˆ¶è¯}ï¼ˆcontrol wordï¼‰^^{æŽ§åˆ¶è¯}%
å’Œ\emph{æŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦}ï¼ˆcontrol symbolï¼‰^^{æŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦}è¿™ä¸¤ç§ç±»åž‹ï¼š
\ulist\compact
\li æŽ§åˆ¶è¯ç”±åæ–œæ&nbsp;åŽè·Ÿä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–å¤šä¸ªå­—æ¯ç»„æˆï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚`|\dag|'ã€‚
å…¶åŽç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªéžå­—æ¯å­—ç¬¦ç»“æŸè¯¥æŽ§åˆ¶è¯ã€‚
\li æŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦ç”±åæ–œæ&nbsp;åŽè·Ÿä¸€ä¸ªå•ä¸ªçš„éžå­—æ¯å­—ç¬¦ç»„æˆï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚`|\$|'ã€‚
è¯¥éžå­—æ¯å­—ç¬¦å¯ä»¥æ˜¯ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ç¬¦ï¼Œç”šæˆ–æ˜¯è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼ˆè¿™ä¹Ÿæ˜¯åˆä¹Žè§„åˆ™çš„å­—ç¬¦ï¼‰ã€‚
\endulist
%\noindent
%A control word (but not a control symbol)
%absorbs any spaces or ends of line that follow it.
%^^{control sequences//absorbing spaces}
%If you don't want to lose a space after a control word,
%follow the control sequence with a ^{control space}
%(|\!visiblespace|) or with `|{}|'.  Thus either:
%\csdisplay
%The wonders of \TeX\!visiblespace!.shall never cease!!
%|
%or:\hfil\
%\csdisplay
%The wonders of \TeX{} shall never cease!!
%|
%produces:
%\display{%
%The wonders of \TeX{} shall never cease!
%}
%\noindent rather than:
%\display{%
%The wonders of \TeX shall never cease!
%}
%\noindent
%which is what you'd get if you left out the `|\|\visiblespace'
%or the `|{}|'.
\noindent
æŽ§åˆ¶è¯åŽçš„ä»»ä½•ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼æˆ–è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦å°†è¢«å¿½ç•¥ï¼ˆä½†æŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦åŽä¸ä¼šè¿™æ&nbsp;·ï¼‰ã€‚
^^{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—//å¿½ç•¥ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;çœŸè¦åœ¨æŽ§åˆ¶è¯åŽå¾—åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œ
å¯ä»¥åœ¨è¯¥æŽ§åˆ¶è¯åŽé”®å…¥ä¸€ä¸ª^{æŽ§åˆ¶ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}ï¼ˆ|\!visiblespace|ï¼‰æˆ–è€…`|{}|'ã€‚
å›&nbsp;è€Œè¿™æ&nbsp;·è¾“å…¥ï¼š
\csdisplay
The wonders of \TeX\!visiblespace!.shall never cease!!
|
æˆ–è€…è¿™æ&nbsp;·è¾“å…¥ï¼š\hfil\
\csdisplay
The wonders of \TeX{} shall never cease!!
|
å°†å¾—åˆ°åŒæ&nbsp;·çš„ç»“æžœï¼š
\display{%
The wonders of \TeX{} shall never cease!
}
\noindent ä½œä¸ºå¯¹æ¯”ï¼Œä¸‹é¢çš„ç»“æžœï¼š
\display{%
The wonders of \TeX shall never cease!
}
\noindent
æ˜¯ä½&nbsp;åŽ»æŽ‰ä¸Šé¢è¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„`|\|\visiblespace'æˆ–è€…`|{}|'åŽå¾—åˆ°çš„ã€‚

%Don't run a control word together with the text that follows it---\TeX\
%won't know where the control word ends.  For instance, the |\c| control
%sequence places a cedilla accent on the character that follows it.  The
%French word {\it gar\c con\/} must be typed as
%`|gar\c!visiblespace!.con|', not `|gar\ccon|'; if you write the latter,
%\TeX\ will complain about an undefined control sequence |\ccon|.
ä¸è¦å°†æŽ§åˆ¶è¯å’Œå…¶åŽçš„æ–‡æœ¬è¿žåœ¨ä¸€èµ·---è¿™æ&nbsp;·\TeX\ æ—&nbsp;æ³•çŸ¥é“æŽ§åˆ¶è¯åœ¨å“ªé‡Œç»“æŸã€‚
æ¯”å¦‚ï¼ŒæŽ§åˆ¶è¯|\c|ç»™å…¶åŽçš„å­—ç¬¦åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šè½¯éŸ³ç¬¦ã€‚
è¦å¾—åˆ°æ³•æ–‡å•è¯{\it gar\c con\/}ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¿…é¡»è¾“å…¥`|gar\c!visiblespace!.con|'ï¼Œ
è€Œä¸æ˜¯`|gar\ccon|'ï¼›è‹¥ä½&nbsp;è¾“å…¥åŽè€…ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°†æŠ±æ€¨æœ‰æœªå®šä¹‰çš„æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—|\ccon|ã€‚

%A control symbol, on the other hand, doesn't absorb anything that
%follows it.  Thus you must type `\$13.56' as `|\$13.56|', not
%`|\$!vs13.56|'; the latter form would produce `\hbox{\$ 13.56}'.
%However, those accenting commands that are named by control symbols are
%defined in such a way that they produce the effect of absorbing a
%following space.  Thus, for example, you can type the French word {\it
%d\'eshabiller\/} either as `|d\'eshabiller|' or as
%`|d\'!visiblespace!.eshabiller|'.
å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼ŒæŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦åŽé¢çš„ä»»ä½•å­—ç¬¦éƒ½ä¸ä¼šè¢«å¿½ç•¥ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ï¼Œè¦å¾—åˆ°`\$13.56'ä½&nbsp;å¿…é¡»é”®å…¥`|\$13.56|'ï¼Œ
è€Œä¸æ˜¯`|\$!vs13.56|'ï¼›åŽè€…å°†ç”Ÿæˆ`\hbox{\$ 13.56}'ã€‚
ç„¶è€Œï¼Œé‚£äº›ä½œä¸ºæŽ§åˆ¶ç¬¦çš„é‡éŸ³å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œæ˜¯ä»¥å¿½ç•¥å…¶åŽç©ºæ&nbsp;¼çš„æ–¹å¼å®šä¹‰çš„ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œè¦å¾—åˆ°æ³•æ–‡å•è¯{\it d\'eshabiller\/}ï¼Œé”®å…¥`|d\'eshabiller|'ï¼Œ
æˆ–è€…`|d\'!visiblespace!.eshabiller|'éƒ½å¯ä»¥ã€‚

%Every control sequence is also a command,
%but not the other way around.
%^^{commands//versus control sequences}
%^^{control sequences//versus commands}
%For instance, the letter `|N|'
%is a command, but it isn't a control sequence.
%In this book we ordinarily use ``command'' rather than
%``control sequence'' when either term would do.
%We use ``control sequence'' when we want to emphasize aspects of \TeX\
%syntax that don't apply to commands in general.
æ¯ä¸ªæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—åŒæ—¶ä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ï¼Œä½†åä¹‹æœªå¿…ã€‚
^^{å‘½ä»¤//ä¸ŽæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—å¯¹æ¯”}
^^{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—//ä¸Žå‘½ä»¤å¯¹æ¯”}
ä¾‹å¦‚å­—æ¯`|N|'æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ï¼Œä½†å®ƒä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—ã€‚
åœ¨æœ¬ä¹¦é‡Œé¢ï¼Œå½“ä¸¤è€…éƒ½é€‚ç”¨æ—¶æˆ‘ä»¬ç”¨``å‘½ä»¤''è€Œä¸ç”¨``æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—''ã€‚
åœ¨å¼ºè°ƒ \TeX\ çš„è¯­æ³•å±‚é¢æ—¶ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬ç”¨``æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—''ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºæ­¤æ—¶ç”¨``å‘½ä»¤''ä¸€èˆ¬å¹¶ä¸åˆé€‚ã€‚

%\eix^^{control sequences}
%\eix^^{commands}
\eix^^{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—}
\eix^^{å‘½ä»¤}

%\subsection Arguments
\subsection å‚é‡

%\xrdef{arg1}
%Some commands need to be followed by one or more
%\emph{arguments} ^^{arguments}
%that help to determine what the command does.
%For instance, the |\vskip| command, which
%tells \TeX\ to skip down (or up) the page,
%expects an argument specifying how much space to skip.  To skip
%down two inches, you would type `|\vskip 2in|', where |2in|
%is the argument of |\vskip|.
\xrdef{arg1}
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤çš„è¿è¡Œä¾èµ–äºŽå…¶åŽçš„ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–å¤šä¸ª\emph{å‚é‡}ï¼ˆargumentï¼‰^^{å‚é‡}ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œ|\vskip|å‘½ä»¤å‘Šè¯‰ \TeX\ åœ¨é¡µé¢ä¸­å¾€ä¸Šï¼ˆæˆ–å¾€ä¸‹ï¼‰è·³è¿‡ä¸€å®šé—´è·ï¼Œ
å®ƒéœ€è¦ä¸€ä¸ªå‚é‡æ¥æŒ‡å®šæ‰€è·³è¿‡é—´è·çš„å¤§å°ã€‚
è¦å¾€ä¸‹è·³è¿‡ä¸¤è‹±å¯¸ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦é”®å…¥`|\vskip 2in|'ï¼Œ
å…¶ä¸­çš„|2in|å°±æ˜¯|\vskip|çš„å‚é‡ã€‚

%Different commands expect different kinds of arguments.  Many commands
%expect dimensions, such as the |2in| in the example above.
%Some commands, particularly those defined by macros,
%expect arguments that are either a single character or some
%text enclosed in braces.
%Yet others require that their arguments be enclosed in braces, i.e.,
%they don't accept single-character arguments.
%The description of each command in this book tells you what kinds of arguments,
%if any, the command expects.
%In some cases, required braces define a group (see \xref{bracegroup}).
ä¸åŒçš„å‘½ä»¤è¦æ±‚ä¸åŒç±»åž‹çš„å‚é‡ã€‚
å¾ˆå¤šå‘½ä»¤çš„å‚é‡è¦æ±‚æ˜¯é•¿åº¦å€¼ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚ä¸Šé¢ä¾‹å­ä¸­çš„|2in|ã€‚
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯ç”¨å®å®šä¹‰çš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œ
å…¶å‚é‡å¯ä»¥æ˜¯å•ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦æˆ–è€…æ”¾åœ¨èŠ±æ‹¬å·ä¸­çš„æ–‡æœ¬ã€‚
è€Œå¯¹å…¶ä»–æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œå…¶å‚é‡åªèƒ½æ”¾åœ¨èŠ±æ‹¬å·ä¸­ï¼Œè€Œä¸èƒ½æ˜¯å•ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦ã€‚
åœ¨æœ¬ä¹¦å¯¹å„ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤çš„æè¿°ä¸­ï¼Œè‹¥ä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤éœ€è¦å‚é‡ï¼Œ
æˆ‘ä»¬éƒ½è¯´æ˜Žäº†è¯¥å‘½ä»¤æ‰€éœ€å‚é‡çš„ç±»åž‹ã€‚
åœ¨æœ‰äº›æƒ…å½¢ä¸­ï¼Œå‘½ä»¤çš„å‚é‡æ‰€éœ€çš„èŠ±æ‹¬å·å®šä¹‰äº†ä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„ï¼ˆè§\xref{bracegroup}ï¼‰ã€‚

%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}


%\subsection Parameters
\subsection å‚æ•°

%\xrdef{introparms}
%Some commands are parameters (\xref{parameter}).
%^^{parameters//as commands}
%You can use a parameter in either of two ways:
%\olist
%\li You can use the value of a parameter
%as an argument to another command.  For example, the command
%\hbox{|\vskip\parskip|}
%causes a vertical skip by the value of the |\parskip| (paragraph skip)
%glue parameter.
%\li You can change the value of the parameter by assigning
%something to it.  For example, the assignment \hbox{|\hbadness=200|}
%causes the value of the |\hbadness| number parameter to be $200$.
%\endolist
%\noindent
%We also use the term ``parameter'' to refer to entities such as |\pageno|
%that are actually registers but behave just like parameters.
%^^{registers//parameters as}
\xrdef{introparms}
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤å®žé™…ä¸Šæ˜¯å‚æ•°ï¼ˆparameterï¼Œè§\xref{å‚æ•°}ï¼‰ã€‚
^^{å‚æ•°//ä½œä¸ºå‘½ä»¤}
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥æŒ‰ä¸‹é¢ä¸¤ç§æ–¹å¼ä½¿ç”¨è¿™ç§å‚æ•°ï¼š
\olist
\li å°†è¯¥å‚æ•°çš„å€¼ç”¨ä½œå…¶ä»–å‘½ä»¤çš„å‚é‡ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ \hbox{|\vskip\parskip|} è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ç”Ÿæˆå¤§å°%
ç­‰äºŽç²˜è¿žå‚æ•°|\parskip|ï¼ˆæ®µè½é—´è·ï¼‰çš„ç«–ç›´é—´è·ã€‚
\li é€šè¿‡èµ‹å€¼ä¿®æ”¹è¯¥å‚æ•°çš„å€¼ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ \hbox{|\hbadness=200|} è¿™ä¸ªèµ‹å€¼ä½¿å¾—|\hbadness|å‚æ•°çš„å€¼å˜ä¸º$200$.
\endolist
\noindent
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚|\pageno|ï¼Œè™½ç„¶æ˜¯å¯„å­˜å™¨ä½†å’Œå‚æ•°çš„ç”¨æ³•ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤æˆ‘ä»¬åŒæ&nbsp;·ä½¿ç”¨``å‚æ•°''è¿™ä¸ªæœ¯è¯­æ¥æŒ‡ä»£è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤ã€‚
^^{å¯„å­˜å™¨//ä½œä¸ºå‚æ•°}

%Some commands are names of tables.  These commands are used like
%parameters, except that they require an additional argument that
%specifies a particular entry in the table. For example, |\catcode| names
%a table of category codes (\xref{category code}). Thus
%the command
%\hbox{|\catcode`~=13|} sets the category code of the `|~|'
%character to $13$.
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤æ˜¯è¡¨åã€‚è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤çš„ç”¨æ³•å’Œå‚æ•°ç±»ä¼¼ï¼Œ
åªæ˜¯å®ƒä»¬éœ€è¦é¢å¤–çš„å‚é‡æŒ‡å®šè¡¨æ&nbsp;¼é¡¹ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œ|\catcode| æ˜¯ç±»åˆ«ç&nbsp;è¡¨æ&nbsp;¼çš„åç§°ï¼ˆ\xref{ç±»åˆ«ç&nbsp;}ï¼‰ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ï¼Œ\hbox{|\catcode`~=13|} è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤è®¾ç½®å­—ç¬¦`|~|'çš„ç±»åˆ«ç&nbsp;ä¸º$13$ã€‚


%\subsection Spaces
\subsection ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼

%\xrdef{spaces}
%\bix^^{spaces}
%You can freely use extra spaces in your input.  Under nearly all circumstances
%\TeX\ treats several spaces in a row as being equivalent to a
%single space.  For instance, it doesn't matter whether you put one space
%or two spaces after a ^{period} in your input.  Whichever you do, \TeX\
%performs its end-of-sentence maneuvers and leaves the appropriate
%(in most cases) amount of space after the period.
%\TeX\ also treats the end of an input line as equivalent to a space.
%Thus you can end your input lines wherever it's convenient---%
%\TeX\ makes input
%lines into
%paragraphs in the same way no matter where the line breaks are in your
%input.
\xrdef{spaces}
\bix^^{ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}
åœ¨è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ä¸­ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä»»æ„åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šé¢å¤–çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
åœ¨å‡&nbsp;ä¹Žæ‰€æœ‰æƒ…å½¢ä¸­ \TeX\ éƒ½å°†åŒä¸€è¡Œçš„è¿žç»­å¤šä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼çœ‹æˆä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œåœ¨^{å¥å·}åŽåŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–ä¸¤ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼æ˜¯æ²¡æœ‰å·®åˆ«çš„ã€‚
ä¸è®ºæŒ‰ç…§å“ªç§å†™æ³•ï¼Œ\TeX\ éƒ½ä¼šæ‰§è¡Œå…¶å¥å­ç»“æŸæ“ä½œï¼Œ
å¹¶åœ¨å¥å·åŽåŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šé€‚å½“ï¼ˆåœ¨å¤šæ•°æƒ…å½¢ä¸‹ï¼‰å¤§å°çš„é—´éš”ã€‚
\TeX\ åŒæ&nbsp;·å°†è¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦è§†ä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤åœ¨è¾“å…¥æ—¶ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åœ¨æ–¹ä¾¿çš„åœ°æ–¹æ¢è¡Œâ€”â€”%
\TeX\ æŒ‰ç…§æ­¤æ–¹å¼å°†å„è¾“å…¥è¡Œè½¬æ¢ä¸ºæ®µè½ï¼Œè€Œä¸åœ¨ä¹Žè¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„æ¢è¡Œä½ç½®ã€‚

%A blank line in your input marks the end of a paragraph.
%^^{paragraphs//ending}
%Several blank lines are equivalent to a single one.
è¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„ä¸€ä¸ªç©ºè¡Œç»“æŸå½“å‰æ®µè½ã€‚
^^{æ®µè½//ç»“æŸæ®µè½}
å¤šä¸ªç©ºè¡Œä¹Ÿç­‰åŒäºŽä¸€ä¸ªç©ºè¡Œã€‚

%\TeX\ ignores input spaces within math formulas (see below).  Thus you can
%include or omit spaces anywhere within a math formula---\TeX\ doesn't care.
%Even within a math formula, however,
%you must not run a control word together with a following letter.
\TeX\ å¿½ç•¥æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ä¸­çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼ˆè§åŽé¢ï¼‰ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šæˆ–è€…çœåŽ»å…¬å¼ä¸­çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼â€”â€”\TeX\ ä¸åœ¨ä¹Žè¿™ä¸ªã€‚
ä½†å³ä½¿åœ¨æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ä¸­ï¼Œä½&nbsp;ä¹Ÿä¸è¦å°†æŽ§åˆ¶è¯å’Œå…¶åŽçš„å­—æ¯è¿žåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ã€‚

%If you are defining your own macros, you need to be particularly careful about
%where you put ends of line in their definitions.
%It's all too easy to define a macro that produces an
%^{unwanted space} in addition to whatever else it's supposed to produce.
%We discuss this problem elsewhere since it's somewhat
%technical; see \xrefpg{unwantedspace}.
åœ¨å®šä¹‰è‡ªå·±çš„å®æ—¶ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¿…é¡»å°å¿ƒå®šä¹‰ä¸­çš„è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦ä½ç½®ã€‚
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºä¸€ä¸å°å¿ƒè¯¥å®å°±åœ¨ä½&nbsp;å¸Œæœ›çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ä¹‹å¤–ç”Ÿæˆäº†^{ä¸éœ€è¦çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}ã€‚
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºè¿™æ˜¯ä¸ªæœ‰äº›æŠ€æœ¯æ€§çš„é—®é¢˜ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬åœ¨å…¶ä»–åœ°æ–¹ä¹Ÿè®¨è®ºåˆ°æ­¤é—®é¢˜ï¼›è§\xrefpg{unwantedspace}ã€‚

%A space or its equivalent between two words in your input doesn't simply turn
%into a space character in your output.
%A few of these input spaces turn into ends of lines
%in the output,
%since input lines generally don't correspond to output lines.
%The others turn into spaces of variable width called ``glue'' (\xref{glue}),
%which has a natural size (the size it ``wants to be'')
%but can stretch or shrink.
%When \TeX\ is typesetting a paragraph
%that is supposed to have an even right margin (the usual
%case), it adjusts the widths of the glue in each line
%to get the lines to end at the margin.
%(The last line of a paragraph is an exception, since it isn't ordinarily
%required to end at the right margin.)
è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ä¸­ä¸¤å•è¯é—´çš„ä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼æˆ–å…¶ç­‰ä»·å­—ç¬¦ï¼Œ
å¹¶ä¸ç®€å•åœ°å˜æˆè¾“å‡ºä¸­çš„ä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
ç”±äºŽè¾“å…¥è¡Œå’Œè¾“å‡ºè¡Œé€šå¸¸ä¸ä¼šæ­£å¥½å¯¹åº”ï¼Œ
è¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„è¿™äº›ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼æœ‰çš„å˜æˆè¾“å‡ºä¸­çš„è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œ
å¦å¤–æœ‰äº›ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼åˆ™å˜æˆå®½åº¦å¯å˜çš„é—´éš”å³``ç²˜è¿ž'' (\xref{ç²˜è¿ž})ï¼›
ç²˜è¿žæœ‰å…¶è‡ªç„¶å®½åº¦ï¼ˆå®ƒå¸Œæœ›çš„å®½åº¦ï¼‰ï¼Œä½†ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥ä¼¸å±•æˆ–è€…æ”¶ç¼©ã€‚
\TeX\ æŽ’ç‰ˆè¦æ±‚å³é¡µè¾¹å¯¹é½ï¼ˆé€šå¸¸å¦‚æ­¤ï¼‰çš„æ®µè½æ—¶ï¼Œ
å°†è°ƒæ•´å„è¡Œçš„ç²˜è¿žçš„å®½åº¦ä»¥è®©å„è¡Œæ­£å¥½åœ¨é¡µè¾¹ç»“æŸã€‚%
ï¼ˆæ®µè½çš„æœ€åŽä¸€è¡Œæ˜¯ä¸ªä¾‹å¤–ï¼Œå›&nbsp;ä¸ºä¸€èˆ¬ä¸è¦æ±‚å®ƒåœ¨å³é¡µè¾¹ç»“æŸã€‚ï¼‰

%You can prevent an input space from turning into an end of line by using a
%^{tie} (^|~|).
%For example, you wouldn't want \TeX\ to put a line break between the
%`Fig.' and `8' of `Fig.~8'.
%By typing `|Fig.~8|' you can prevent such a line break.
%\eix^^{spaces}
%\needspace{2in}
è¦é˜»æ­¢è¾“å…¥ä¸­çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼åœ¨è¾“å‡ºä¸­å˜æˆè¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ç”¨^{å¸¦å­} (^|~|)ã€‚
æ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œä½&nbsp;ä¸ä¼šå¸Œæœ› \TeX\ åœ¨`Fig.~8'çš„ `Fig.' å’Œ `8' ä¹‹é—´æ–­è¡Œã€‚
è¾“å…¥ `|Fig.~8|' å°±å¯ä»¥ç¦æ­¢è¿™æ&nbsp;·æ–­è¡Œã€‚
\eix^^{ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}
%\needspace{2in}

%\subsection Comments
\subsection æ³¨é‡Š

%\xrdef{comments}
%\pix\bix^^{comments}
%You can include comments in your \TeX\ input.
%When \TeX\ sees a comment it just passes over it, so
%what's in a comment doesn't affect your typeset document in any way.
%Comments are useful for
%providing extra information about what's in your input file.
%For example:
%\csdisplay
%% ========= Start of Section `Hedgehog' =========
%|
\xrdef{comments}
\pix\bix^^{æ³¨é‡Š}
åœ¨\TeX\ è¾“å…¥ä¸­å¯ä»¥åŒ…å«æ³¨é‡Šã€‚\TeX\ è·³è¿‡å®ƒæ‰€ç¢°åˆ°çš„æ³¨é‡Šï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤æ³¨é‡Šä¸­çš„å†…å®¹ä¸ä¼šä»¥ä»»ä½•æ–¹å¼å½±å“åˆ°æŽ’ç‰ˆçš„æ–‡æ¡£ã€‚
æ³¨é‡Šç”¨äºŽåœ¨è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶ä¸­æä¾›æ›´å¤šçš„ä¿¡æ¯ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š
\csdisplay
% ========= Start of Section `Hedgehog' =========
|

%{\indexchar % }%
%A comment starts with a percent sign (|%|) and extends to the end of the
%input line.
%\TeX\ ignores not just the comment but the end of the line as well, so
%comments have another very
%important use: connecting two lines so that the end of line
%^^{line breaks//deleting}
%between them is invisible to \TeX\ and doesn't generate
%an output space or an end of line.
%For instance, if you type:
%\csdisplay
%A fool with a spread%
%sheet is still a fool.
%|
%you'll get:
%\display{
%A fool with a spread%
%sheet is still a fool.
%}
%\eix^^{comments}
{\indexchar % }%
æ³¨é‡Šä»¥ç™¾åˆ†å·ï¼ˆ|%|ï¼‰å¼€å§‹ï¼Œä¸€ç›´å»¶ç»­åˆ°è¯¥è¾“å…¥è¡Œç»“æŸã€‚
\TeX\ æ—¢å¿½ç•¥æ³¨é‡Šä¹Ÿå¿½ç•¥è¯¥è¡Œçš„ç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤æ³¨é‡Šæœ‰å¦å¤–çš„é‡è¦ç”¨æ³•ï¼šå°†ä¸¤ä¸ªè¾“å…¥è¡Œè¿žæŽ¥èµ·æ¥ï¼Œ
^^{æ–­è¡Œ//åˆ&nbsp;é™¤æ–­è¡Œ}
ä½¿å¾— \TeX\ çœ‹ä¸åˆ°ä¸¤è¡Œé—´çš„è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œ
ä»Žè€Œä¸ä¼šåœ¨è¾“å‡ºä¸­ç”Ÿæˆç©ºæ&nbsp;¼æˆ–æ¢è¡Œã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œå¯¹å¦‚ä¸‹çš„è¾“å…¥ï¼š
\csdisplay
A fool with a spread%
sheet is still a fool.
|
ä½&nbsp;å¾—åˆ°çš„è¾“å‡ºä¸ºï¼š
\display{
A fool with a spread%
sheet is still a fool.
}
\eix^^{æ³¨é‡Š}

%\subsection Punctuation
\subsection æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹

%\null
%\xrdef{periodspacing}
%\TeX\ normally adds some extra space after what it thinks is a
%^{punctuation} mark at the end of a sentence,
%namely, `^|.|', `^|?|', or `|!!|' \indexchar !
%^^{period} ^^{question mark} ^^{exclamation point}
%followed by an input space.
%\TeX\ doesn't add
%the extra space if the punctuation mark follows
%a capital letter, though, because it assumes the capital
%letter to be an initial in someone's name.
%You can force the extra space where it wouldn't otherwise occur by
%typing something like:
%\csdisplay
%A computer from IBM\null?
%|
\null
\xrdef{periodspacing}
è‹¥ `^|.|'ï¼Œ`^|?|' æˆ– `|!!|' ä¹‹åŽæœ‰ä¸ªè¾“å…¥ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œ\indexchar !
^^{å¥å·} ^^{é—®å·} ^^{æ„Ÿå¹å·}
\TeX\ è®¤ä¸ºå®ƒæ˜¯å¥æœ«^{æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹}ç¬¦å·ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨å…¶åŽæ·»åŠ&nbsp;é¢å¤–é—´éš”ã€‚
ä½†è‹¥è¯¥æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ç¬¦å·ä¹‹å‰ä¸ºå¤§å†™å­—æ¯ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°±ä¸ä¼šæ·»åŠ&nbsp;é¢å¤–é—´éš”ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒè®¤ä¸ºå¤§å†™å­—æ¯æ˜¯äººåçš„é¦–å­—æ¯ã€‚
å¦‚è‹¥ä¸ç„¶ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥å¼ºåˆ¶ç”Ÿæˆé¢å¤–é—´éš”ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š
\csdisplay
A computer from IBM\null?
|
%The |\null| doesn't produce any output, but it does prevent \TeX\
%from associating the capital `M' with the question mark.
%On the other hand, you can cancel the
%extra space where it doesn't belong by typing a control space
%after the punctuation mark, e.g.:
%\csdisplay
%Proc.\!visiblespace!.Royal Acad.\!visiblespace!.of Twits
%|
%so that you'll get:
%\display{Proc.\ Royal Acad.\ of Twits}
%\noindent rather than:
%\display{Proc. Royal Acad. of Twits}
å‘½ä»¤ |\null| ä¸ç”Ÿæˆä»»ä½•è¾“å‡ºï¼Œ
ä½†å®ƒé˜»æ­¢ \TeX\ å°†å¤§å†™å­—æ¯`M'å’Œé—®å·ç»“åˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ã€‚
åè¿‡æ¥ï¼Œå¦‚æžœæŸæ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ç¬¦å·ä¸ä¸ºå¥æœ«æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;ä¹Ÿèƒ½å¤Ÿå–æ¶ˆè¯¥æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ä¹‹åŽçš„é¢å¤–é—´éš”ï¼›
è¿™å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡åœ¨å…¶åŽé”®å…¥æŽ§åˆ¶ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼è¾¾åˆ°ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š
\csdisplay
Proc.\!visiblespace!.Royal Acad.\!visiblespace!.of Twits
|
å¾—åˆ°çš„æ­£ç¡®ç»“æžœä¸ºï¼š
\display{Proc.\ Royal Acad.\ of Twits}
\noindent è€ŒåŽ»æŽ‰æŽ§åˆ¶ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼åŽçš„ç»“æžœæ˜¯ï¼š
\display{Proc. Royal Acad. of Twits}

%Some people prefer not to leave more space after punctuation at the
%end of a sentence.  You can get this effect with the
%^|\frenchspacing| command (\xref\frenchspacing).
%|\frenchspacing| is often recommended for ^{bibliographies}.
æœ‰äº›äººæ›´å–œæ¬¢ä¸åœ¨å¥æœ«æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹åŽç•™ä¸‹æ›´å¤šé—´éš”ã€‚
åˆ©ç”¨ ^|\frenchspacing| å‘½ä»¤ï¼ˆ\xref\frenchspacing ï¼‰ä½&nbsp;å°±å¯è¾¾æˆæ­¤æ•ˆæžœã€‚
åœ¨^{å‚è€ƒæ–‡çŒ®}ä¸­é€šå¸¸å»ºè®®ä½¿ç”¨è¿™ä¸ª |\frenchspacing| å‘½ä»¤ã€‚

%For single ^{quotation marks}, you should use the left and right
%single quotes
%(|`| and |'|) on your keyboard.  For left and right
%double quotation marks, use two left single
%quotes or two right single quotes (|``| or |''|) rather
%than the double quote (|"|) on your keyboard.
%The keyboard double quote
%will in fact give you a right double quotation mark in
%many fonts, but the two right single quotes
%are the preferred \TeX\ style.
%For example:
å¯¹äºŽå•^{å¼•å·}, ç”¨é”®ç›˜ä¸Šçš„å·¦å³å•å¼•å·ï¼ˆ|`| å’Œ |'|ï¼‰å°±å¯ä»¥å¾—åˆ°ã€‚
å¯¹äºŽå·¦åŒå¼•å·æˆ–å³åŒå¼•å·ï¼Œ
éœ€è¦ç”¨ä¸¤ä¸ªå·¦å•å¼•å·ï¼ˆ|``|ï¼‰æˆ–å³å•å¼•å·ï¼ˆ|''|ï¼‰å¾—åˆ°ï¼Œ
ä¸èƒ½ç›´æŽ¥ç”¨é”®ç›˜ä¸Šçš„åŒå¼•å·ï¼ˆ|"|ï¼‰ã€‚
é”®ç›˜ä¸Šçš„åŒå¼•å·åœ¨å¤šæ•°å­—ä½“ä¸­å°†å¾—åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªå³åŒå¼•å·ï¼Œ
ä½†ä¸¤ä¸ªå³å•å¼•å·æ˜¯ \TeX\ ä¸­é¦–é€‰çš„å†™æ³•ã€‚ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š

%\vbox{%
%\csdisplay
%There is no `q' in this sentence.
%``Talk, child,'' said the Unicorn.
%She said, ``\thinspace`Enough!!', he said.''
%|
%}%
%These three lines yield:
%\display{\par\restoreplainTeX
%There is no `q' in this sentence.
%\par ``Talk, child,'' said the Unicorn.
%\par She said, ``\thinspace`Enough!', he said.''
%}
%\noindent
%The |\thinspace| in the third input line prevents
%the single quotation mark from coming
%too close to the double quotation marks.
%Without it, you'd just see three
%nearly equally spaced quotation marks in a row.
\vbox{%
\csdisplay
There is no `q' in this sentence.
``Talk, child,'' said the Unicorn.
She said, ``\thinspace`Enough!!', he said.''
|
}%
è¿™ä¸‰è¡Œè¾“å…¥å¾—åˆ°çš„ç»“æžœä¸º:
\display{\par\restoreplainTeX
There is no `q' in this sentence.
\par ``Talk, child,'' said the Unicorn.
\par She said, ``\thinspace`Enough!', he said.''
}
\noindent
ç¬¬ä¸‰ä¸ªè¾“å…¥è¡Œä¸­çš„ |\thinspace| é¿å…å•å¼•å·å’ŒåŒå¼•å·å¤ªè¿‡é&nbsp;è¿‘ã€‚
å¦åˆ™ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å°†çœ‹åˆ°ä¸‰ä¸ªå¹¶æŽ’çš„é—´éš”ç›¸è¿‘çš„å¼•å·ã€‚

%\TeX\ has three kinds of ^{dashes}:
%\ulist\compact
%\li Short ones (hyphens) like this ( - ). You get them by typing~`^|-|'.
%\li Medium ones (en-dashes) like this ( -- ). You get them by typing~`^|--|'.
%\li Long ones (em-dashes) like this ( --- ). You get them by typing~`^|---|'.
%\endulist
%\noindent
%Typically you'd use hyphens to indicate compound words like
%``will-o'-the-wisp'',
%en-dashes to indicate
%page ranges such as ``pages~81--87'', and em-dashes to indicate
%a break in continuity---like this.
åœ¨ \TeX\ ä¸­æœ‰ä¸‰ç§^{æ¨ªçº¿å·}ï¼ˆdashï¼‰:
\ulist\compact
\li çŸ­æ¨ªçº¿å³è¿žå­—å·ï¼ˆhyphenï¼‰å¦‚è¿™æ&nbsp;·( - )ã€‚é”®å…¥~`^|-|'~å¯ä»¥å¾—åˆ°ã€‚
\li ä¸­æ¨ªçº¿å³è¿žæŽ¥å·ï¼ˆen-dashï¼‰å¦‚è¿™æ&nbsp;·( -- )ã€‚é”®å…¥~`^|--|'~å¯ä»¥å¾—åˆ°ã€‚
\li é•¿æ¨ªçº¿å³ç&nbsp;´æŠ˜å·ï¼ˆem-dashï¼‰å¦‚è¿™æ&nbsp;·( --- )ã€‚é”®å…¥~`^|---|'~å¯ä»¥å¾—åˆ°ã€‚
\endulist
\noindent
ä¸€èˆ¬åœ°ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å°†ç”¨è¿žå­—å·è¡¨ç¤ºåƒâ€œwill-o'-the-wispâ€ï¼ˆé¬¼ç«ï¼‰è¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„å¤åˆè¯ï¼Œ
ç”¨è¿žæŽ¥å·è¡¨ç¤ºåƒâ€œç¬¬~81--87~é¡µâ€è¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„é¡µç&nbsp;èµ·æ­¢ï¼Œ
è€Œç”¨ç&nbsp;´æŠ˜å·è¡¨ç¤ºè¯­æ°”è½¬æŠ˜\null{---}åƒè¿™æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
% ç”¨ \null å’Œ {} ç»•å¼€ xecjk çš„é—®é¢˜


%\subsection Special characters
\subsection ç‰¹æ®Šå­—ç¬¦

%Certain characters have special meaning to \TeX, so you shouldn't use them
%in ordinary text.  They are:
åœ¨ \TeX\ ä¸­æŸäº›å­—ç¬¦æœ‰ç‰¹æ®Šçš„å«ä¹‰ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;è€Œä¸èƒ½åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚è¿™äº›ç‰¹æ®Šå­—ç¬¦ä¸ºï¼š

%\csdisplay
%    $  #  &amp;  %  _  ^  ~  {  }  \
%|
%^^|$//in ordinary text|
%^^|#//in ordinary text|
%^^|&amp;//in ordinary text|
%^^|_//in ordinary text|
%^^|^//in ordinary text|
%^^|~//in ordinary text|
%^^|%//in ordinary text|
%^^|{//in ordinary text|
%^^|}//in ordinary text|
%{\recat!ttidxref[\//in ordinary text]]
%\noindent
%In order to produce them in your typeset document,
%you need to use circumlocutions.  For the first five,
%you should instead type:
%^^|\$|
%^^|\#|
%^^|\&amp;|
%^^|\%|
%^^|\_|
%\csdisplay
%    \$  \#  \&amp;  \%  \_
%|
\csdisplay
    $  #  &amp;  %  _  ^  ~  {  }  \
|
\ifoldeplain
^^|$//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|#//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|&amp;//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|_//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|^//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|~//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|%//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|{//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
^^|}//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­|
{\recat!ttidxref[\//åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­]]
\fi
\noindent
è¦åœ¨æŽ’ç‰ˆçš„æ–‡æ¡£ä¸­ç”Ÿæˆå®ƒä»¬ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦ä½¿ç”¨é—´æŽ¥çš„æ–¹æ³•ã€‚
å¯¹å‰é¢äº”ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦é”®å…¥ï¼š
\ifoldeplain
^^|\$|
^^|\#|
^^|\&amp;|
^^|\%|
^^|\_|
\fi
\csdisplay
    \$  \#  \&amp;  \%  \_
|

%\noindent
%For the others, you need something more elaborate:
\noindent
è€Œå¯¹å¦å¤–äº”ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦é”®å…¥æ›´å¤šï¼š

\csdisplay
   \^{!visiblespace}   \~{!visiblespace}   $\{$   $\}$   $\backslash$
|


%\subsection Groups
\subsection ç¼–ç»„

%\bix^^{groups}
%A \emph{group}
%consists of material enclosed in matching left and right braces (|{| and
%|}|).
%^^|{//starting a group|
%^^|}//ending a group|
%By placing a command within a group, you can limit its effects to
%the material within the group.
%For instance, the |\bf| command tells \TeX\ to set
%something in {\bf boldface} type.  If you were to put |\bf| into your input
%and do nothing else to counteract it, everything in your document following the
%|\bf| would be set in boldface.
%By enclosing |\bf| in a group,
%you limit its effect to the group.  For example, if you type:
%\csdisplay
%We have {\bf a few boldface words} in this sentence.
%|
%\noindent you'll get:
%\display{We have {\bf a few boldface words} in this sentence.}
\bix^^{ç¼–ç»„}
åŒ…å«åœ¨é…å¯¹çš„å·¦å³èŠ±æ‹¬å·ï¼ˆ|{| å’Œ |}|ï¼‰ä¸­çš„å†…å®¹ç»„æˆä¸€ä¸ª\emph{ç¼–ç»„}ã€‚
^^|{//å¼€å§‹ç¼–ç»„|
^^|}//ç»“æŸç¼–ç»„|
ç¼–ç»„å†…éƒ¨çš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œå…¶ä½œç”¨èŒƒå›´è¢«é™åˆ¶åœ¨è¯¥ç¼–ç»„å†…éƒ¨ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œ|\bf| å‘½ä»¤è®© \TeX\ å°†æŸäº›å†…å®¹ç”¨ç²—ä½“æ˜¾ç¤ºã€‚
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;å°† |\bf| æ”¾åœ¨ä½&nbsp;çš„è¾“å…¥ä¸­ï¼Œè€Œæ²¡æœ‰ç”¨ä»»ä½•æ–¹å¼å–æ¶ˆå®ƒï¼Œ
|\bf| ä¹‹åŽçš„æ‰€æœ‰å†…å®¹éƒ½å°†ä»¥ç²—ä½“æ˜¾ç¤ºã€‚
å¦‚æžœå°† |\bf| åŒ…å«åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„ä¸­ï¼Œ
å°±å¯ä»¥å°†å®ƒçš„ä½œç”¨é™åˆ¶åœ¨æ­¤ç¼–ç»„ä¸­ã€‚
æ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œå¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;é”®å…¥ï¼š
\csdisplay
We have {\bf a few boldface words} in this sentence.
|
\noindent ä½&nbsp;å°†ä¼šå¾—åˆ°å¦‚ä¸‹çš„ç»“æžœï¼š
\display{We have {\bf a few boldface words} in this sentence.}

%\noindent You can also use a group to limit the effect of
%an assignment to one of \TeX's parameters.
%These parameters contain values that affect how \TeX\ typesets your document.
%For example, the value of the |\parindent|
%parameter specifies the indentation at the beginning of a paragraph.
%The assignment |\parindent = 15pt|
%sets the indentation to $15$ printer's points.
%By placing this assignment at the beginning
%of a group containing a few paragraphs, you can change
%the indentation of just those paragraphs.  If you don't enclose
%the assignment in a group,
%the changed indentation will apply to the rest of the document (or up to the
%next assignment to |\parindent|, if there's a later one).
\noindent åˆ©ç”¨ç¼–ç»„ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥é™åˆ¶ \TeX\ æŸä¸ªå‚æ•°çš„å–å€¼çš„ä½œç”¨èŒƒå›´ã€‚
è¿™äº›å‚æ•°çš„å–å€¼å½±å“ \TeX\ å¯¹æ–‡æ¡£çš„æŽ’ç‰ˆã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œ|\parindent| å‚æ•°çš„å€¼æŒ‡å®šäº†æ®µé¦–ç¼©è¿›é‡ï¼Œ
èµ‹å€¼ |\parindent = 15pt| å°†è®¾å®šè¯¥ç¼©è¿›é‡ä¸º $15$ ç‚¹ã€‚
è‹¥å°†è¯¥èµ‹å€¼æ”¾åœ¨åŒ…å«å‡&nbsp;ä¸ªæ®µè½çš„ç¼–ç»„å¼€å§‹å¤„ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å°±å¯ä»¥ä»…ä»…æ”¹å˜è¿™å‡&nbsp;ä¸ªæ®µè½çš„æ®µé¦–ç¼©è¿›ã€‚
è‹¥ä¸å°†è¯¥èµ‹å€¼åŒ…å«åœ¨ç¼–ç»„ä¸­ï¼Œ
å¯¹ç¼©è¿›é‡çš„ä¿®æ”¹å°†ä½œç”¨åˆ°æ–‡æ¡£çš„å‰©ä½™éƒ¨åˆ†%
ï¼ˆæˆ–è€…ä½œç”¨åˆ°ä¸‹ä¸ªå¯¹|\parindent|çš„èµ‹å€¼ä¸ºæ­¢ï¼Œè‹¥è¿˜æœ‰ä¸‹ä¸ªèµ‹å€¼çš„è¯ï¼‰ã€‚

%\xrdef{bracegroup}
%Not all pairs of braces indicate a group.
%In particular, the braces associated with an argument for which the
%braces are \emph{not} required don't indicate a group---they just
%serve to delimit the argument.
%Of those commands that do require braces for their arguments,
%some treat the braces as defining a group
%and the others interpret the argument in some special way that depends on
%the command.\footnote
%{More precisely, for primitive commands either
%the braces define a group or they enclose tokens that aren't processed in
%\TeX's stomach.
%For |\halign| and |\valign| the group has a trivial
%effect because everything within the braces either doesn't reach the stomach
%(because it's in the template) or is enclosed in a further inner group.
%^^|\halign//grouping for|
%^^|\valign//grouping for|
%}
%\eix^^{groups}
\xrdef{bracegroup}
å¹¶éžæ‰€æœ‰é…å¯¹èŠ±æ‹¬å·éƒ½è¡¨ç¤ºä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„ã€‚
ç‰¹åˆ«åœ°ï¼Œè‹¥å‚é‡\emph{ä¸è¦æ±‚}æœ‰èŠ±æ‹¬å·ï¼Œ
åˆ™ä¸Žè¯¥å‚é‡ä¸€èµ·çš„èŠ±æ‹¬å·å¹¶ä¸è¡¨ç¤ºä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„%
â€”â€”å®ƒä»¬ä»…ç”¨äºŽç¡®å®šè¯¥å‚é‡çš„ç•Œé™ã€‚
å¯¹äºŽé‚£äº›å‚é‡ä¸­ç¡®å®žéœ€è¦èŠ±æ‹¬å·çš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œ
æœ‰äº›å‘½ä»¤å°†èŠ±æ‹¬å·ä½œä¸ºç¼–ç»„çš„å®šä¹‰ï¼Œ
è€Œå…¶ä»–å‘½ä»¤ç”¨å„è‡ªçš„ç‰¹æ®Šæ–¹å¼è§£é‡Šè¯¥å‚é‡ã€‚\footnote
{æ›´å‡†ç¡®åœ°è¯´ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽåŽŸå§‹å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œ
èŠ±æ‹¬å·è¦ä¹ˆå®šä¹‰äº†ä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„ï¼Œè¦ä¹ˆä¸ä¼šåœ¨ \TeX\ çš„èƒƒä¸­è¢«å¤„ç†ã€‚
å¯¹äºŽ |\halign| å’Œ |\valign| å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œç¼–ç»„åªæœ‰å¹³å‡¡çš„æ•ˆæžœï¼›
è¿™æ˜¯ç”±äºŽç¼–ç»„ä¸­çš„ä¸€åˆ‡ä¸œè¥¿è¦ä¹ˆä¸ä¼šåˆ°è¾¾èƒƒé‡Œï¼ˆå›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒåœ¨æ¨¡æ¿ä¸­ï¼‰ï¼Œ
è¦ä¹ˆåŒ…å«åœ¨æ›´æ·±ä¸€å±‚çš„ç¼–ç»„ä¸­ã€‚
^^|\halign//é˜µåˆ—ä¸­çš„ç¼–ç»„|
^^|\valign//é˜µåˆ—ä¸­çš„ç¼–ç»„|
}
\eix^^{ç¼–ç»„}


%\subsection Math formulas
\subsection æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼

%\bix^^{math}
%\xrdef{mathform}
%A math formula can appear in text (\emph{text math})
%^^{text math}
%or set off on a line by itself
%with extra vertical space around it (\emph{display math}).
%^^{display math}
%You enclose a text formula in single dollar signs (|$|)
%and a displayed formula in double dollar signs (|$$|).
%\ttidxref{$}\ttidxref{$$}
%For example:
\bix^^{æ•°å­¦}
\xrdef{mathform}
æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼å¯ä»¥å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨æ­£æ–‡ä¸­ï¼ˆ\emph{æ–‡å†…å…¬å¼}ï¼‰ï¼Œ
^^{æ–‡å†…å…¬å¼}
æˆ–è€…å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨ç•™å‡ºé¢å¤–ä¸Šä¸‹é—´è·çš„å•ç‹¬ä¸€è¡Œä¸­ï¼ˆ\emph{é™ˆåˆ—å…¬å¼}ï¼‰ã€‚
^^{é™ˆåˆ—å…¬å¼}
æ–‡å†…å…¬å¼ä¸¤è¾¹ç”¨å•ä¸ªç¾Žå…ƒç¬¦ï¼ˆ|$|ï¼‰æ‹¬èµ·æ¥ï¼Œ
è€Œé™ˆåˆ—å…¬å¼ä¸¤è¾¹ç”¨åŒä¸ªç¾Žå…ƒç¬¦ï¼ˆ|$$|ï¼‰æ‹¬èµ·æ¥ã€‚
\ifoldeplain\ttidxref{$}\ttidxref{$$}\fi
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š

%\csdisplay
%If $a&lt;b$, then the relation $$e^a &lt; e^b$$ holds.
%|
%\noindent This input produces:
%\display{\centereddisplays
%If $a&lt;b$, then the relation $$e^a &lt; e^b$$ holds.}
%\smallskip
%\noindent \chapterref{math} describes the commands that are useful
%in math formulas.
%\eix^^{math}
\csdisplay
If $a&lt;b$, then the relation $$e^a &lt; e^b$$ holds.
|
\noindent æ­¤è¾“å…¥å¾—åˆ°çš„ç»“æžœæ˜¯ï¼š
\display{\centereddisplays
If $a&lt;b$, then the relation $$e^a &lt; e^b$$ holds.}
\smallskip
\noindent \chapterref{math}æè¿°äº†æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ä¸­å¸¸ç”¨çš„å‘½ä»¤ã€‚
\eix^^{æ•°å­¦}


%\section How \TeX\ works
\section \TeX\ å¦‚ä½•å·¥ä½œ

%In order to use \TeX\ effectively, it helps to
%have some idea of how \TeX\ goes about
%its activity of transmuting input into output.
%You can imagine \TeX\ as a kind of organism with ``eyes'',
%``mouth'', ``gullet'',
%``stomach'', and ``intestines''.
%Each part of the organism transforms its input in some way and passes
%the transformed input to the next stage.
ä¸ºäº†æ›´æœ‰æ•ˆåœ°ä½¿ç”¨ \TeX ï¼Œ
å¯¹ \TeX\ ç€æ‰‹å°†è¾“å…¥è½¬æ¢ä¸ºè¾“å‡ºçš„æ´»åŠ¨æœ‰æ‰€äº†è§£æ˜¯æœ‰ç›Šçš„ã€‚
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥å°† \TeX\ æƒ³è±¡ä¸ºä¸€ç§æœ‰â€œçœ¼ç›â€ã€â€œå˜´å·´â€ã€â€œé£Ÿé“â€ã€â€œèƒƒâ€ä»¥åŠâ€œè‚&nbsp;é“â€çš„ç”Ÿç‰©ä½“ã€‚
è¯¥ç”Ÿç‰©ä½“çš„æ¯ä¸ªå™¨å®˜éƒ½ä»¥æŸç§æ–¹å¼è½¬æ¢å®ƒçš„è¾“å…¥ï¼Œå¹¶å°†è½¬æ¢çš„ç»“æžœé€åˆ°ä¸‹ä¸ªå™¨å®˜ä¸­ã€‚

%The ^{eyes} transform an input file into a sequence of characters.
%The ^{mouth} transforms the sequence of characters into a sequence of
%\emph{tokens},
%^^{tokens}
%where each token is either a single character or a control sequence.
%^^{control sequences//as tokens}
%The gullet expands the tokens into a sequence of
%\emph{primitive commands}, which are also tokens.
%^^{expanding tokens}
%The ^{stomach} carries out the operations specified by the primitive commands,
%producing a sequence of pages.
%Finally, the ^{intestines} transform each page into the form required
%for the \dvifile\ and send it there.
%^^{\dvifile//created by \TeX's intestines}
%These actions are described in more detail
%in \chapterref{concepts} under \conceptcit{\anatomy}.
%^^{\anatomy}
^{çœ¼ç›}å°†è¾“å…¥æ–‡ä»¶è½¬æ¢ä¸ºä¸€ç³»åˆ—å­—ç¬¦ã€‚
^{å˜´å·´}å°†è¿™ä¸²å­—ç¬¦è½¬æ¢ä¸ºä¸€ç³»åˆ—\emph{è®°å·}ï¼Œ
^^{è®°å·}
å…¶ä¸­æ¯ä¸ªè®°å·æ˜¯å•ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦æˆ–è€…ä¸€ä¸ªæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—ã€‚
^^{æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—//ä½œä¸ºè®°å·}
é£Ÿé“å°†è¯¥ä¸²è®°å·å±•å¼€ä¸ºä¸€ç³»åˆ—\emph{åŽŸå§‹å‘½ä»¤}è®°å·ã€‚
^^{å±•å¼€è®°å·}
^{èƒƒ}æ‰§è¡ŒåŽŸå§‹å‘½ä»¤æŒ‡å®šçš„æ“ä½œï¼Œç”Ÿæˆä¸€äº›é¡µé¢ã€‚
æœ€åŽï¼Œ^{è‚&nbsp;é“}å°†æ¯ä¸ªé¡µé¢è½¬æ¢ä¸º \dvifile æ‰€éœ€çš„å½¢å¼å¹¶å‘é€ç»™å®ƒã€‚
^^{\dvifile//ç”± \TeX\ çš„è‚&nbsp;é“ç”Ÿæˆ}
è¿™äº›æ´»åŠ¨åœ¨\chapterref{concepts}çš„\conceptcit{\anatomy}ä¸­æœ‰æ›´è¯¦ç»†çš„æè¿°ã€‚
^^{\anatomy}

%The real typesetting goes on in the stomach.
%The commands instruct \TeX\ to typeset such-and-such a character in
%such-and-such a font, to insert an interword space, to end a paragraph, and
%so on.
%Starting with individual typeset characters and other simple typographic
%elements, \TeX\ builds up a page ^^{pages} as a nest of
%^{boxes} within boxes within boxes \seeconcept{box}.
%Each typeset character occupies a box, and so does an entire page.
%A box can contain not just smaller boxes but also \emph{glue} ^^{glue}
%(\xref{glue}) and a few other things.
%The glue produces
%space between the smaller boxes.
%An important property of glue is that it can stretch and shrink;
%thus \TeX\ can make a box
%larger or smaller by stretching or shrinking
%the glue within~it.
å®žé™…çš„æŽ’ç‰ˆæ´»åŠ¨å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨èƒƒä¸­ã€‚
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤æŒ‡å¯¼ \TeX\ ç”¨è¿™æ&nbsp;·æˆ–é‚£æ&nbsp;·çš„å­—ä½“æŽ’ç‰ˆè¿™ä¸ªæˆ–é‚£ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œ
æ’å…¥å•è¯é—´ç©ºéš”ï¼Œç»“æŸä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½ï¼Œç­‰ç­‰ã€‚
ä»Žå•ä¸ªæŽ’ç‰ˆå­—ç¬¦åŠå…¶ä»–ç®€å•æŽ’å°å…ƒç´&nbsp;å¼€å§‹ï¼Œ
\TeX\ å°†^{ç›’å­}ä¸€å±‚å±‚æ”¾å…¥å…¶ä»–ç›’å­ä¸­\seeconcept{ç›’å­}ï¼Œ
è¿™ä¸€æ•´å¥—ç›’å­æž„é€&nbsp;äº†ä¸€ä¸ªé¡µé¢^^{é¡µé¢}ã€‚
æ¯ä¸ªæŽ’ç‰ˆå­—ç¬¦å&nbsp;ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªç›’å­ï¼Œæ•´ä¸ªé¡µé¢ä¹Ÿä¸€æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
ç›’å­ä¸­ä¸ä»…åŒ…å«æ›´å°çš„ç›’å­ï¼Œä¹ŸåŒ…å«\emph{ç²˜è¿ž}^^{ç²˜è¿ž}
ï¼ˆ\xref{ç²˜è¿ž}ï¼‰å’Œä¸€äº›å…¶ä»–ä¸œè¥¿ã€‚
ç²˜è¿žç”Ÿæˆå°ç›’å­ä¹‹é—´çš„é—´è·ã€‚
ç²˜è¿žçš„ä¸€ä¸ªé‡è¦å±žæ€§åœ¨äºŽå®ƒå¯ä»¥ä¼¸å±•å’Œæ”¶ç¼©ï¼›
å›&nbsp;æ­¤é€šè¿‡ä¼¸ç¼©ç›’å­ä¸­çš„ç²˜è¿žï¼Œ\TeX\ å¯ä»¥è®©ç›’å­å˜å¤§æˆ–å˜å°ã€‚

%Roughly speaking, a line is a box containing a sequence of character boxes,
%and a page is a box containing a sequence of line boxes.
%There's glue between the words of a line and between the lines of a page.
%\TeX\ stretches or shrinks
%the glue on each line so as to make the right margin
%of the page come out even and the glue on each page
%so as to make the bottom margins of different pages be equal.
%Other kinds of typographical elements can also appear in a line or in a page,
%but we won't go into them here.
ç²—ç•¥è¯´æ¥ï¼Œæ–‡æœ¬è¡Œæ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªåŒ…å«ä¸€ç³»åˆ—å­—ç¬¦ç›’å­çš„ç›’å­ï¼Œ
è€Œé¡µé¢æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªåŒ…å«ä¸€ç³»åˆ—è¡Œç›’å­çš„ç›’å­ã€‚
ä¸€è¡Œçš„å„å•è¯ä¹‹é—´ä»¥åŠé¡µé¢çš„å„è¡Œä¹‹é—´éƒ½æœ‰ç²˜è¿žã€‚
\TeX\ ä¼¸ç¼©å„è¡Œä¸­çš„ç²˜è¿žä»¥è®©å³é¡µè¾¹å¯¹é½ï¼Œ
ä¼¸ç¼©å„é¡µä¸­çš„ç²˜è¿žä»¥è®©å„é¡µçš„ä¸‹è¾¹è·ç›¸ç­‰ã€‚
å…¶ä»–ç±»åž‹çš„æŽ’å°å…ƒç´&nbsp;ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨è¡Œå†…æˆ–é¡µå†…ï¼Œä½†æˆ‘ä»¬ä¸åœ¨è¿™é‡Œè®¨è®ºã€‚

%As part of the process of assembling pages, \TeX\ needs to break paragraphs
%into lines and lines into pages.  The stomach first sees a paragraph as one
%long line, in effect.  It inserts \emph{line breaks}
%^^{line breaking}
%in order to transform
%the paragraph into a sequence of lines of the right length, performing a
%rather elaborate analysis in order to choose the set of breaks
%that makes the paragraph look best
%\seeconcept{line break}.
%The stomach carries out a similar
%but simpler process in order to transform a sequence of lines into a page.
%Essentially the stomach accumulates lines until no more lines can fit on the
%page.  It then chooses a single place to break the page, putting the lines
%before the break on the current page
%and saving the lines after the break for the
%next page \seeconcept{page break}. ^^{page breaks//inserted by \TeX's stomach}
ä½œä¸ºç»„è£…é¡µé¢è¿‡ç¨‹çš„ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œ
\TeX\ éœ€è¦å°†æ®µè½åˆ†ä¸ºå¤šè¡Œï¼Œå°†å¤šè¡Œç»„æˆé¡µé¢ã€‚
äº‹å®žä¸Šï¼Œ\TeX\ çš„èƒƒåˆšå¼€å§‹å°†æ®µè½çœ‹æˆä¸€ä¸ªå¾ˆé•¿çš„è¡Œã€‚
å®ƒæ’å…¥\emph{æ–­è¡Œç‚¹}ä»¥å°†æ®µè½åˆ†ä¸ºé•¿åº¦åˆé€‚çš„ä¸€äº›è¡Œï¼Œ
^^{æ–­è¡Œ}
é€šè¿‡å¤æ‚çš„åˆ†æžä»¥æ‰¾åˆ°æœ€ä½³çš„æ–­è¡Œç‚¹çš„é›†åˆ\seeconcept{æ–­è¡Œç‚¹}ã€‚
\TeX\ çš„èƒƒä¹Ÿæ‰§è¡Œç±»ä¼¼ä½†ç®€å•äº›çš„åˆ†æžä»¥å°†ä¸€äº›è¡Œç»„æˆé¡µé¢ã€‚
åŸºæœ¬ä¸Šï¼Œèƒƒç´¯åŠ&nbsp;å„è¡Œç›´åˆ°é¡µé¢ä¸Šæ”¾ä¸ä¸‹æ›´å¤šçš„è¡Œã€‚
ç„¶åŽå®ƒé€‰æ‹©ä¸€ä¸ªåˆ†é¡µä½ç½®ï¼Œå°†è¯¥åˆ†é¡µä½ç½®ä¹‹å‰çš„å„è¡Œæ”¾åœ¨å½“å‰é¡µé¢ï¼Œ
å°†ä¹‹åŽçš„å„è¡Œç•™ç»™ä¸‹ä¸ªé¡µé¢\seeconcept{åˆ†é¡µç‚¹}ã€‚%
^^{åˆ†é¡µ//ç”± \TeX\ çš„èƒƒæ’å…¥}

%When \TeX\ is assembling an entity from a list of items (boxes, glue, etc.),
%it is in one of six
%\emph{modes} ^^{modes} (\xref{mode}).
%The kind of entity it is assembling defines the mode that it is in.
%There are two ordinary modes: ordinary horizontal mode for assembling
%paragraphs (before they are broken into lines)
%and ordinary vertical mode for assembling pages.
%There are two restricted modes:
%restricted horizontal mode for appending items horizontally to form
%a horizontal box
%and internal vertical mode for appending items vertically to form
%a vertical box (other than a page).
%Finally, there are two math modes: text math mode for assembling math formulas
%within a paragraph and display math mode for assembling math formulas that are
%displayed on lines by themselves (see ``Math formulas'', \xref{mathform}).
åœ¨ \TeX\ ç»„è£…ä¸€ä¸ªåˆ—è¡¨é¡¹ï¼ˆç›’å­ï¼Œç²˜è¿žç­‰ï¼‰ä¸­çš„æŸä¸ªä¸œè¥¿æ—¶ï¼Œ
å®ƒæ€»å¤„äºŽå…­ç§\emph{æ¨¡å¼}^^{æ¨¡å¼}ï¼ˆ\xref{æ¨¡å¼}ï¼‰çš„å…¶ä¸­ä¸€ç§æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ã€‚
å®ƒæ‰€ç»„è£…çš„ä¸œè¥¿çš„ç±»åž‹å®šä¹‰äº†å®ƒæ‰€åœ¨çš„æ¨¡å¼ã€‚
é¦–å…ˆæœ‰ä¸¤ç§æ™®é€šæ¨¡å¼ï¼šæ™®é€šæ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽç»„è£…æ®µè½ï¼ˆåœ¨å®ƒä»¬åˆ†ä¸ºå¤šè¡Œä¹‹å‰ï¼‰ï¼Œ
æ™®é€šç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽç»„è£…é¡µé¢ã€‚
å…¶æ¬¡æœ‰ä¸¤ç§é™åˆ¶æ¨¡å¼ï¼šå—é™æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽæ°´å¹³åœ°æ·»åŠ&nbsp;å…ƒç´&nbsp;å½¢æˆæ°´å¹³ç›’å­ï¼Œ
å†…éƒ¨ç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽç«–ç›´åœ°æ·»åŠ&nbsp;å…ƒç´&nbsp;ä»¥å½¢æˆç«–ç›´ç›’å­ï¼ˆéžé¡µé¢ç›’å­ï¼‰ã€‚
æœ€åŽè¿˜æœ‰ä¸¤ç§æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼ï¼šæ–‡å†…æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽç»„è£…æ®µè½å†…éƒ¨çš„æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ï¼Œ
é™ˆåˆ—æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼ç”¨äºŽç»„è£…å•ç‹¬ä¸€è¡Œæ˜¾ç¤ºçš„æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ï¼ˆè§â€œæ•°å­¦å…¬å¼â€ï¼Œ\xref{mathform}ï¼‰ã€‚


%\section New \TeX\ versus old {\TeX}
\section{æ–° \TeX\ å’Œè€ \TeX}

%\xrdef{newtex}
%In 1989 Knuth made a major revision to \TeX\ in order to
%adapt it to the
%character sets needed to support typesetting for languages other than
%English.\space ^^{foreign languages}
%The revision included a few minor extra features that could be added
%without disturbing anything else.
%This book describes ``^{\newTeX}''.
%If you're still using an older version
%of \TeX\ (version $2.991$ or earlier),
%you'll want to know what features of {\newTeX} you can't use.
%The following features aren't available in the older versions:
%\ulist\compact
%\li ^|\badness| (\xref\badness)
%\li ^|\emergencystretch| (\xref\emergencystretch)
%\li ^|\errorcontextlines| (\xref\errorcontextlines)
%\li ^|\holdinginserts| (\xref\holdinginserts)
%\li ^|\language|, ^|\setlanguage|, and |\new!-lan!-guage|
%(\pp\xrefn\language, \xrefn{\@newlanguage}) ^^|\newlanguage|
%\li ^|\lefthyphenmin| and ^|\righthyphenmin| (\xref\lefthyphenmin)
%\li ^|\noboundary| (\xref\noboundary)
%\li ^|\topglue| (\xref\topglue)
%\li The |^^|$xy$ notation for hexadecimal digits (\xref{hexchars})
%\endulist
%\noindent
%We recommend that you obtain new \TeX\ if you can.
\xrdef{newtex}
åœ¨ 1989 å¹´ï¼ŒKnuth å¯¹ \TeX\ åšäº†ä¸€æ¬¡å¤§å¹…ä¿®æ”¹ï¼Œ
ä½¿å¾—å®ƒèƒ½å¤Ÿå¤„ç†éžè‹±è¯­æŽ’ç‰ˆæ‰€éœ€çš„å­—ç¬¦é›†ã€‚^^{å¤–è¯­}
è¿™æ¬¡ä¿®æ”¹è¿˜åŒ…æ‹¬äº†ä¸€äº›é¢å¤–çš„ä¸å¹²æ‰°å…¶å®ƒä¸œè¥¿çš„å°åŠŸèƒ½ï¼Œ
è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦ä»‹ç» ``^{\newTeX}''ã€‚
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;ä»ä½¿ç”¨æ—§ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„ \TeX ï¼ˆ$2.991$ ç‰ˆæˆ–ä»¥å‰çš„ç‰ˆæœ¬ï¼‰ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å¯èƒ½ä¼šæƒ³çŸ¥é“å“ªäº› {\newTeX} çš„åŠŸèƒ½ä½&nbsp;æ˜¯æ²¡æ³•ä½¿ç”¨çš„ã€‚
ä»¥ä¸‹è¿™äº›åŠŸèƒ½æ—&nbsp;æ³•åœ¨æ—§ç‰ˆä¸­ä½¿ç”¨ï¼š
\ulist\compact
\li ^|\badness|ï¼ˆ\xref\badness ï¼‰
\li ^|\emergencystretch|ï¼ˆ\xref\emergencystretch ï¼‰
\li ^|\errorcontextlines|ï¼ˆ\xref\errorcontextlines ï¼‰
\li ^|\holdinginserts|ï¼ˆ\xref\holdinginserts ï¼‰
\li ^|\language|ã€^|\setlanguage| å’Œ |\new!-lan!-guage|%
ï¼ˆç¬¬ \xrefn\language å’Œ \xrefn{\@newlanguage}é¡µï¼‰^^|\newlanguage|
\li ^|\lefthyphenmin| å’Œ ^|\righthyphenmin|ï¼ˆ\xref\lefthyphenmin ï¼‰
\li ^|\noboundary|ï¼ˆ\xref\noboundary ï¼‰
\li ^|\topglue|ï¼ˆ \xref\topglue ï¼‰
\li åå…­è¿›åˆ¶çš„æ•°å­—è¡¨è¾¾æ–¹å¼ |^^|$xy$ï¼ˆ\xref{hexchars}ï¼‰
\endulist
\noindent
æˆ‘ä»¬å»ºè®®ä½&nbsp;å°½å¯èƒ½åœ°ä½¿ç”¨æ–°ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„ \TeX ã€‚

%\section Resources
\section èµ„æº

%\xrdef{resources}
%A number of resources are available to help you in using \TeX.
%\texbook\ is the definitive source of information on \TeX:
\xrdef{resources}
æœ‰å¾ˆå¤šèµ„æºå¯ä»¥å¸®åŠ©ä½&nbsp;ä½¿ç”¨ \TeX ï¼Œå…¶ä¸­ \texbook\ æ˜¯æœ€å¯é&nbsp;çš„ \TeX\ ä¿¡æ¯æ¥æºã€‚

%\smallskip
%{\narrower\noindent
%^{Knuth, Donald E.}, \texbook.  Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1984.\par}
%\smallskip
%\noindent
%Be sure to get the seventeenth printing (January 1990) or later;
%the earlier printings don't cover the features of new \TeX.
\smallskip
{\narrower\noindent
^{Knuth, Donald E.}, \texbook.  Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1984.\par}
\smallskip
\noindent
è¯·åŠ¡å¿…ä½¿ç”¨ç¬¬åä¸ƒæ¬¡ï¼ˆ1990 å¹´ 1 æœˆï¼‰åŠä»¥åŽçš„å°åˆ·ç‰ˆæœ¬ã€‚
æ—©å…ˆçš„å°åˆ·ç‰ˆæœ¬ä¸åŒ…æ‹¬æ–° \TeX\ çš„è®¸å¤šåŠŸèƒ½ã€‚

%^{\LaTeX} is a very popular collection of commands designed to simplify the use
%of \TeX.  It is described in:
%\smallskip
%{\narrower\noindent\frenchspacing\spaceskip = 3.33pt plus 2pt minus 1.2pt
%^{Lamport, Leslie}, {\sl The \LaTeX\ Document Preparation System}.
%Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986.\par}
%\smallskip
%\noindent
%^{\AMSTeX} is the collection of commands adopted by the American Mathematical
%Society as a standard for submitting mathematical man\-u\-scripts
%electronically.
%It is described in:
%\smallskip
%{\narrower\noindent
%^{Spivak, Michael~D.}, {\sl The Joy of \TeX}. Providence, R.I.:
%American Mathematical Society, 1986.
%\par}
%\smallskip
%\noindent
%You can join the ^{\TUG} (TUG), which publishes a newsletter
%called {\it ^{TUGBoat}}.
%TUG is an excellent source not only for information about \TeX\ but also
%for collections of macros, including \AMSTeX.
%Its address is:
%\smallskip
%{\obeylines
%^{\TUG}
%c/o American Mathematical Society
%P.O. Box 9506
%Providence,  RI  02940
%U.S.A.
%}
%\smallskip
%\noindent
%Finally, you can obtain copies of the ^|eplain.tex| macros
%described in \chapterref{eplain} as well as the macros used in typesetting
%this book.
%They are available through the Internet network by anonymous \ftp\ from the
%following hosts:
%{\obeylines\display{\tt
%labrea.stanford.edu [36.8.0.47]
%ics.uci.edu [128.195.1.1]
%june.cs.washington.edu [128.95.1.4]}}
^{\LaTeX} æ˜¯ä¸€å¥—ä¸ºäº†ç®€åŒ– \TeX\ çš„ä½¿ç”¨è€Œè®¾è®¡çš„å‘½ä»¤é›†ï¼Œ
å®ƒåœ¨è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦é‡Œé¢æœ‰ä»‹ç»\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨: è¿™æœ¬ä¹¦ä¸­ä»‹ç»çš„ \LaTeX\ å·±ç»è¿‡æ—¶ã€‚}ï¼š
\smallskip
{\narrower\noindent\frenchspacing\spaceskip = 3.33pt plus 2pt minus 1.2pt
^{Lamport, Leslie}, {\sl The \LaTeX\ Document Preparation System}.
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986.\par}
\smallskip
\noindent
^{\AMSTeX} æ˜¯ä¸€å¥—ç¾Žå›½æ•°å­¦å­¦ä¼šå®šä¹‰çš„æäº¤ç”µå­æ•°å­¦æ‰‹ç¨¿çš„å‘½ä»¤æ&nbsp;‡å‡†ï¼Œ
å®ƒåœ¨è¿™é‡Œæœ‰ä»‹ç»ï¼š
\smallskip
{\narrower\noindent
^{Spivak, Michael D.}, {\sl The Joy of \TeX}. Providence, R.I.:
American Mathematical Society, 1986.
\par}
\smallskip
\noindent
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åŠ&nbsp;å…¥ ^{\TUG}ï¼ˆTUGï¼‰ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªç»„ç»‡å‡ºç‰ˆä¸€æœ¬åä¸º {\it ^{TUGBoad}} çš„é€šè®¯ã€‚
TUG æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªå¾ˆå¥½çš„ä¿¡æ¯æ¥æºæ¸&nbsp;é“ï¼Œå®ƒåŒæ—¶ä¹Ÿæä¾›åŒ…æ‹¬ \AMSTeX\ åœ¨å†…çš„å¾ˆå¤š \TeX\ å®åŒ…èµ„æºã€‚
å®ƒçš„åœ°å€æ˜¯ï¼š
\smallskip
{\obeylines
^{\TUG}
c/o American Mathematical Society
P.O. Box 9506
Providence,  RI  02940
U.S.A.
}
\smallskip
\noindent
æœ€åŽï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥èŽ·å–åœ¨\chapterref{eplain}ä»‹ç»çš„ç”¨æ¥æŽ’ç‰ˆæœ¬ä¹¦çš„å®åŒ… ^|eplain.tex|ã€‚
å®ƒå¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡ä½¿ç”¨ \ftp åŒ¿åç™»å½•èŽ·å–ï¼š
{\obeylines\display{\tt
labrea.stanford.edu [36.8.0.47]
ics.uci.edu [128.195.1.1]
june.cs.washington.edu [128.95.1.4]}}

%The electronic version includes additional macros
%that format input for the
%^{\BibTeX}\ computer program, written by Oren Patashnik at Stanford
%University, ^^{Patashnik, Oren}
%and print the output from that program.
%If you find bugs in the macros, or think of improvements, you can send
%electronic mail to Karl at {\tt karl@cs.umb.edu}.
ç”µå­ç‰ˆæœ¬è¿˜åŒ…æ‹¬äº†ä¸º ^{\BibTeX} ç¨‹åºå¤„ç†è¾“å…¥å¹¶æŽ’å°å…¶è¾“å‡ºçš„å®â€”â€”
\thinspace\BibTeX ç¨‹åºæ˜¯æ–¯å¦å¼—å¤§å­¦çš„ Oren Patashnik ^^{Patashnik, Oren} ç¼–å†™çš„ã€‚
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;åœ¨è¿™ä¸ªå®åŒ…ä¸­å‘çŽ°äº†é”™è¯¯ï¼Œæˆ–è€…æƒ³æ”¹è¿›å®ƒï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ç»™ Karl å‘ç”µå­é‚®ä»¶ã€‚Karl çš„ç”µå­é‚®ç®±åœ°å€æ˜¯ {\tt karl@cs.umb.edu}ã€‚

%The macros are also available for US \$10.00 on $5\frac1/4$\inches\
%or $3\frac1/2$\inches\ PC-format diskettes from:
%\smallskip
%{\obeylines
%Paul Abrahams
%214 River Road
%Deerfield,  MA  01342
%\vskip\tinyskipamount
%Email: {\tt Abrahams\%Wayne-MTS@um.cc.umich.edu}
%}
%\smallskip
%\noindent
%These addresses are correct as of June 1990; please be aware that they may
%change after that, particularly the electronic addresses.
è¿™ä¸ªå®åŒ…è¿˜æä¾›äº† $5\frac1/4$\inches\ æˆ– $3\frac1/2$\inches\ è½¯ç›˜ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥å‘ä»¥ä¸‹åœ°å€é‚®å¯„ 10.00 ç¾Žå…ƒè´­ä¹°ï¼š
\smallskip
{\obeylines
Paul Abrahams
214 River Road
Deerfield,  MA  01342
\vskip\tinyskipamount
Email: {\tt Abrahams\%Wayne-MTS@um.cc.umich.edu}
}
\smallskip
\noindent
è¿™ä¸ªåœ°å€åœ¨ 1990 å¹´ 6 æœˆæ˜¯æ­£ç¡®çš„ï¼›è¯·æ³¨æ„åœ¨è¿™ä¹‹åŽå®ƒå¯èƒ½å‘ç”Ÿæ”¹å˜ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯ç”µå­é‚®ä»¶åœ°å€ã€‚

\ifoldeplain\else\ifcompletebook\else
\vskip4em{\sectionfonts\leftline{æœ¬ç«&nbsp;ç´¢å¼•}}
\readindexfile{i}
\fi\fi

\endchapter\byebye
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