<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient.
% Copyright (C) 2003 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry.
% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions.
% ä¸­æ–‡ç¿»è¯‘ï¼šZhaopeng Xing (zpxing@gmail.com)
% ä¸­æ–‡ç¿»è¯‘ï¼šzohooo (zohooo@yeah.net)

\input macros

% \chapter {Commands \linebreak for composing \linebreak paragraphs}
\chapter {ç»„æ®µå‘½ä»¤}

% \chapterdef{paras}

% This section covers commands that
% deal with characters, words, lines, and entire paragraphs.
% For an explanation of the conventions used in this section,
% see \headcit{Descriptions of the commands}{cmddesc}.

% \begindescriptions

\chapterdef{paras}

è¿™ä¸€ç«&nbsp;ä»‹ç»äº†ä¸Žå­—ç¬¦, å•è¯, è¡Œä»¥åŠæ•´æ®µç›¸å…³çš„å‘½ä»¤.
æœ¬ç«&nbsp;å†™ä½œæƒ¯ä¾‹çš„è¯´æ˜Žå¯ä»¥åœ¨\headcit{å‘½ä»¤æè¿°}{cmddesc}ä¸­æ‰¾åˆ°.

\begindescriptions

% \section {Characters and accents}

% %==========================================================================
% \subsection {Letters and ligatures for European alphabets}

% \begindesc
% \xrdef{fornlets}
% \bix^^{ligatures}
% ^^{special symbols}
% ^^{European alphabets}
% %
% \ctsx AA {Scandinavian letter \AA}
% \ctsx aa {Scandinavian letter \aa}
% \ctsx AE {\AE\ ligature}
% \ctsx ae {\ae\ ligature}
% \ctsx L {Polish letter \L}
% \ctsx l {Polish letter \l}
% \ctsx O {Danish/Norwegian letter \O}
% \ctsx o {Danish/Norwegian letter \o}
% \ctsx OE {\OE\ ligature}
% \ctsx oe {\oe\ ligature}
% \ctsx ss {German letter \ss}
% \explain

\section {å­—ç¬¦å’Œé‡éŸ³ç¬¦}

%==========================================================================
\subsection {æ¬§æ´²è¯­è¨€å­—æ¯å’Œè¿žå†™}

\begindesc
\xrdef{fornlets}
\bix^^{è¿žå†™}
^^{ç‰¹æ®Šç¬¦å·}
^^{æ¬§æ´²è¯­è¨€å­—æ¯}
%
\ctsx AA {æ–¯å&nbsp;ªåœ°çº³ç»´äºšæ–‡å­—æ¯ \AA}
\ctsx aa {æ–¯å&nbsp;ªåœ°çº³ç»´äºšæ–‡å­—æ¯ \aa}
\ctsx AE {\AE\ è¿žå†™}
\ctsx ae {\ae\ è¿žå†™}
\ctsx L {æ³¢å…°æ–‡å­—æ¯ \L}
\ctsx l {æ³¢å…°æ–‡å­—æ¯ \l}
\ctsx O {ä¸¹éº¦/æŒªå¨æ–‡å­—æ¯ \O}
\ctsx o {ä¸¹éº¦/æŒªå¨æ–‡å­—æ¯ \o}
\ctsx OE {\OE\ è¿žå†™}
\ctsx oe {\oe\ å†™å†™}
\ctsx ss {å¾·æ–‡å­—æ¯ \ss}
\explain

% These commands produce various letters and ligatures from European
% alphabets.
% They are useful for occasional words and phrases in these
% languages---but if you need to typeset a large amount of text in a European
% language, you should probably be using a version of \TeX\ adapted
% to that language.\footnote{The \TeX\ Users Group (\xref{resources}) can
% provide you with information about European language versions of \TeX.}
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿæ¬§æ´²è¯­è¨€çš„å„ç§å­—ç¬¦å’Œè¿žå†™ã€‚
åœ¨æ–‡æœ¬ä¸­å¶è€Œå‡ºçŽ°è¿™äº›è¯­è¨€çš„å•è¯å’Œè¯ç»„æ—¶å®ƒä»¬æ˜¾å¾—å¾ˆæœ‰ç”¨ã€‚
ä½†æ˜¯å¦‚æžœéœ€è¦æŽ’å°å¤§é‡çš„æ¬§æ´²è¯­è¨€æ–‡æœ¬æ—¶ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å¯èƒ½ä¼šåŽ»ä½¿ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªä¸ºè¿™äº›è¯­è¨€å®šåˆ¶çš„ \TeX\ ç‰ˆæœ¬ã€‚
\footnote{\TeX\ ç”¨æˆ·ç»„ç»‡ (\xref{resources}) å¯ä¸ºä½&nbsp;æä¾› \TeX\ çš„æ¬§æ´²è¯­
  è¨€ç‰ˆæœ¬ã€‚}

% You'll need a space after these commands when you use them within a word,
% so that
% \TeX\ will treat the following letters as part of the word
% rather than as part of the command.
% You needn't be in \minref{math mode} to use these commands.
% \example
% {\it les \oe vres de Moli\`ere}
% |
% \produces
% {\it les \oe vres de Moli\`ere}
% \endexample
% \eix^^{ligatures}
% \enddesc
å½“ä½&nbsp;åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªå•è¯ä¸­ä½¿ç”¨è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤æ—¶ï¼Œéœ€è¦åœ¨å®ƒä»¬åŽé¢åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œ
è¿™æ&nbsp;·ï¼Œ\TeX\ ä¼šæŠŠå®ƒåŽé¢çš„å­—æ¯å½“ä½œæ˜¯è¿™ä¸ªè¯è¯­çš„ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†è€Œä¸æ˜¯è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤çš„ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†ã€‚
ä½&nbsp;ä¸éœ€ä¸ºäº†ä½¿ç”¨è¿™äº›ç¬¦å·è€Œè¿›å…¥\minref{æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼}ã€‚
\example
{\it les \oe vres de Moli\`ere}
|
\produces
{\it les \oe vres de Moli\`ere}
\endexample
\eix^^{è¿žå†™}
\enddesc

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Special symbols}
\subsection {ä¸“ç”¨ç¬¦å·}

% \begindesc
% ^^{special characters}
% %
% \easy\ctspecialx # \ctsxrdef{@pound} {pound sign \#}
% \ctspecialx $ \ctsxrdef{@bucks} {dollar sign \$}
% \ctspecialx % \ctsxrdef{@percent} {percent sign \%}
% \ctspecialx &amp; \ctsxrdef{@and} {ampersand \&amp;}
% \ctspecialx _ \ctsxrdef{@underscore} {underscore \_}
% \ctsx lq {left quote \lq}
% \ctsx rq {right quote \rq}
% \aux\ctsx lbrack left bracket [
% \aux\ctsx rbrack right bracket ]
% \ctsx dag {dagger symbol \dag}
% \ctsx ddag {double dagger symbol \ddag}
% \ctsx copyright {copyright symbol \copyright}
% \ctsx P {paragraph symbol \P}
% \ctsx S {section symbol \S}
% \explain
% These commands produce various special characters and marks.  The first
% five commands are necessary because \TeX\ by default
% attaches special meanings to
% the characters (|#|, |$|, |%|, |&amp;|, |_|).
% You needn't be in \minref{math mode} to use these commands.
\begindesc
^^{ç‰¹æ®Šå­—ç¬¦}
%
\easy\ctspecialx # \ctsxrdef{@pound} {è‹±é•‘ç¬¦å· \# \footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼š
ä½äºŽé”®ç›˜çš„æ•°å­— 3 ä¹‹ä¸Šï¼Œè‹±å¼é”®ç›˜ä¸ºè‹±é•‘ç¬¦å·ï¼Œç¾Žå¼é”®ç›˜ä¸ºæ•°å­—ç¬¦å· \#ã€‚}}
\ctspecialx $ \ctsxrdef{@bucks} {ç¾Žå…ƒç¬¦å· \$}
\ctspecialx % \ctsxrdef{@percent} {ç™¾åˆ†å· \%}
\ctspecialx &amp; \ctsxrdef{@and} {å’Œ \&amp;}
\ctspecialx _ \ctsxrdef{@underscore} {ä¸‹åˆ’çº¿ \_}
\ctsx lq {å·¦å¼•å· \lq}
\ctsx rq {å³å¼•å· \rq}
\aux\ctsx lbrack å·¦ä¸­æ‹¬å· [
\aux\ctsx rbrack å³ä¸­æ‹¬å· ]
\ctsx dag {çŸ­å‰‘ç¬¦å· \dag}
\ctsx ddag {åŒå‰‘ç¬¦å· \ddag}
\ctsx copyright {ç‰ˆæƒç¬¦å· \copyright}
\ctsx P {æ®µè½ç¬¦å· \P}
\ctsx S {ç«&nbsp;èŠ‚ç¬¦å· \S}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿå„ç§ç‰¹æ®Šå­—ç¬¦å’Œç¬¦å·ã€‚å‰äº”ä¸ªæ˜¯å¿…éœ€çš„ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;ä¸º \TeX\ é»˜è®¤åœ°æŠŠç¬¦å· (|#|, |$|, |%|, |&amp;|, |_|) ä½œç‰¹æ®Šçš„ç”¨é€”ã€‚
ä½&nbsp;ä¸ç”¨ä¸ºäº†ä½¿ç”¨è¿™äº›ç¬¦å·è€Œè¿›å…¥\minref{æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼}ã€‚

% You can use the dollar sign in the Computer Modern
% italic fonts to get the ^{pound
% sterling} symbol, as shown in the example below.
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ç”¨è®¡ç®—æœºçŽ°ä»£æ„å¤§åˆ©å­—ä½“ä¸­çš„ç¾Žå…ƒç¬¦å·æ¥å¾—åˆ°^{è‹±é•‘}ç¬¦å·ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚ï¼š

% \example
% \dag It'll only cost you \$9.98 over here, but in England
% it's {\it \$}24.98.
% |
% \produces
% \dag It'll only cost you \$9.98 over here, but in England
% it's {\it \$}24.98.
% \endexample
% \enddesc
\example
\dag åœ¨è¿™è¾¹å®ƒåªè¦èŠ±è´¹ä½&nbsp; \$9.98ï¼Œä½†åœ¨è‹±æ&nbsp;¼å…°è¦ {\it \$}24.98ã€‚
|
\produces
\dag åœ¨è¿™è¾¹å®ƒåªè¦èŠ±è´¹ä½&nbsp; \$9.98ï¼Œä½†åœ¨è‹±æ&nbsp;¼å…°è¦ {\it \$}24.98ã€‚
\endexample
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts TeX {}
% \explain
% This command produces the \TeX\ logo. Remember to follow it by
% |\!vs| or to enclose it in a \minref{group} when you want a space
% after it.

\begindesc
\cts TeX {}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªç¬¦å·å¯ä»¥å¾—åˆ° \TeX\ çš„æ&nbsp;‡å¿—.
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦åœ¨åŽé¢åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šç©ºæ&nbsp;¼,
è¯·åœ¨å…¶åŽåŠ&nbsp;ä¸Š |\!vs| æˆ–è€…æŠŠå®ƒæ”¾åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ª\minref{ç»„}ä¸­.

% \example
% A book about \TeX\ is in your hands.
% |
% \produces
% A book about \TeX\ is in your hands.
% \endexample
% \enddesc

\example
A book about \TeX\ is in your hands.
|
\produces
A book about \TeX\ is in your hands.
\endexample
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts dots {}
% \explain
% ^^{dots}
% This command produces an ^{ellipsis}, i.e., three dots, in ordinary text.
% It's intended for use in mathematical writing; for an ellipsis
% between ordinary words, you should use |$\ldots$| \ctsref{\ldots} instead.
% Since |\dots| includes its own space, you shouldn't follow it by
% |\!vs|.
% \example
% The sequence $x_1$, $x_2$, \dots, $x_\infty$
% does not terminate.
% |
% \produces
% The sequence $x_1$, $x_2$, \dots, $x_\infty$
% does not terminate.
% \endexample
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\cts dots {}
\explain
^^{ç‚¹å·}
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ª^{çœç•¥å·}, ä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯åœ¨æ–‡æœ¬ä¸­çš„ä¸‰ä¸ªå°ç‚¹.
å®ƒå¿…é¡»ä½¿ç”¨åœ¨æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼ä¸­; å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;æƒ³åœ¨å•è¯é—´åŠ&nbsp;å…¥çœç•¥å·,
ä½&nbsp;åº”è¯¥ä½¿ç”¨  |$\ldots$| å‘½ä»¤\ctsref{\ldots}.
|\dots|å·²ç»æ’å…¥äº†å®ƒæ‰€åº”æœ‰çš„ç©ºç™½, æ‰€ä»¥ä½&nbsp;ä¸å¿…åœ¨åŽé¢åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Š|\!vs|.
\example
æ•°åˆ— $x_1$, $x_2$, \dots, $x_\infty$
æ°¸è¿œä¹Ÿä¸ä¼šç»“æŸ
|
\produces
æ•°åˆ— $x_1$, $x_2$, \dots, $x_\infty$
æ°¸è¿œä¹Ÿä¸ä¼šç»“æŸ
\endexample
\enddesc

%\see ``Miscellaneous ordinary math symbols'' (\xref{specsyms}).
\see ``å„ç§å¸¸ç”¨æ•°å­¦ç¬¦å·'' (\xref{specsyms}).
%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Arbitrary characters}
\subsection {ä»»æ„å­—ç¬¦}

% \begindesc
% \bix^^{characters}
% \cts char {\&lt;charcode&gt;}
% \explain
% This command produces the character located at position \&lt;charcode&gt;
% of the current font.
% \example
% {\char65} {\char `A} {\char `\A}
% |
% \produces
% {\char65} {\char `A} {\char `\A}
% \endexample
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\bix^^{å­—ç¬¦}
\cts char {\&lt;charcode&gt;}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿå½“å‰å­—ä½“åœ¨ \&lt;charcode&gt; ä½ç½®çš„å­—ç¬¦.
\example
{\char65} {\char `A} {\char `\A}
|
\produces
{\char65} {\char `A} {\char `\A}
\endexample
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts mathchar {\&lt;mathcode&gt;}
% \explain
% This command produces the math character whose class, family, and
% font position are given by \&lt;mathcode&gt;.
% It is only legal in math mode.
% \example
% \def\digger{\mathchar "027F} % Like \spadesuit in plain TeX.
% % Class 0, family 2, font position "7F.
% $\digger$
% |
% \produces
% \def\digger{\mathchar "027F}
% % class 0, family 2, font position "7F
% $\digger$
% \endexample
% \enddesc
\begindesc
\cts mathchar {\&lt;mathcode&gt;}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å¯ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿç”± \&lt;mathcode&gt; æ‰€æŒ‡å®šçš„ç±»ï¼Œæ—ä»¥åŠä½ç½®çš„æ•°å­¦å­—ç¬¦ã€‚
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ä»…èƒ½ç”¨åœ¨æ•°å­¦æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ã€‚
\example
\def\digger{\mathchar "027F} % åƒ plain TeX çš„ \spadesuit.
% 0ç±», 2æ—, "7F ä½ç½®.
$\digger$
|
\produces
\def\digger{\mathchar "027F}
% 0ç±», 2æ—, "7F ä½ç½®.
$\digger$
\endexample
\enddesc

% \see |\delimiter| (\xref\delimiter).
% \eix^^{characters}
\see |\delimiter|ï¼ˆ\xref\delimiter ï¼‰ã€‚
\eix^^{å­—ç¬¦}

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Accents}
\subsection {é‡éŸ³ç¬¦å·}

% \begindesc
% ^^{accents}
% \xrdef{accents}
% %
% \ctspecialx ' \ctsxrdef{@prime} {^{acute accent} as in \'e}
% \ctspecialx . \ctsxrdef{@dot} {^{dot accent} as in \.n}
% \ctspecialx = \ctsxrdef{@equal} {^{macron accent} as in \=r}
% \ctspecialx ^ \ctsxrdef{@hat} {^{circumflex accent} as in \^o}
% \ctspecialx ` \ctsxrdef{@lquote} {^{grave accent} as in \`e}
% \ctspecialx " \ctsxrdef{@quote} {^{umlaut accent} as in \"o}
% \ctspecialx ~ \ctsxrdef{@not} {^{tilde accent} as in \~a}
% \ctsx c {^{cedilla accent} as in \c c}
% \ctsx d {^{underdot accent} as in \d r}
% \ctsx H {^{Hungarian umlaut accent} as in \H o}
% \ctsx t {^{tie-after accent} as in \t uu}
% \ctsx u {^{breve accent} as in \u r}
% \ctsx v {^{check accent} as in \v o}
% \explain
% These commands produce accent marks in ordinary text.  You'll usually
% need to leave a space after the ones denoted by a single letter
% (see ``Spaces'', \xref{spaces}).
\begindesc
^^{é‡éŸ³}
\xrdef{accents}
%
\ctspecialx ' \ctsxrdef{@prime} {^{é”éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \'e}
\ctspecialx . \ctsxrdef{@dot} {^{ä¸Šç‚¹ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \.n}
\ctspecialx = \ctsxrdef{@equal} {^{é•¿éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \=r}
\ctspecialx ^ \ctsxrdef{@hat} {^{æ‰¬æŠ‘ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \^o}
\ctspecialx ` \ctsxrdef{@lquote} {^{é’éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \`e}
\ctspecialx " \ctsxrdef{@quote} {^{åˆ†éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \"o}
\ctspecialx ~ \ctsxrdef{@not} {^{æ³¢æµªç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \~a}
\ctsx c {^{è½¯éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \c c}
\ctsx d {^{ä¸‹ç‚¹ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \d r}
\ctsx H {^{åŒˆç‰™åˆ©åˆ†éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \H o}
\ctsx t {^{è¿žéŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \t uu}
\ctsx u {^{çŸ­éŸ³ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \u r}
\ctsx v {^{æŠ‘æ‰¬ç¬¦} æ¯”å¦‚ \v o}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤ä¸ºæ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬äº§ç”Ÿé‡éŸ³è®°å·ã€‚é€šå¸¸ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦ä¸ºå…¶ä¸­ä»¥å•ä¸ªå­—æ¯è¡¨ç¤ºçš„éŸ³ç¬¦åŽé¢ç•™ä¸€
ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼ˆå‚è§ ``ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼'', \xref{spaces}ï¼‰ã€‚

% \example
% Add a soup\c con of \'elan to my pin\~a colada.
% |
% \produces
% Add a soup\c con of \'elan to my pin\~a colada.
% \endexample

% \margin{`see also' moved to end of group, replacing the one there.}
% \enddesc

\example
Add a soup\c con of \'elan to my pin\~a colada.
|
\produces
Add a soup\c con of \'elan to my pin\~a colada.
\endexample

\margin{`see also' moved to end of group, replacing the one there.}
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts i {}
% \cts j {}
% \explain
% These commands produce dotless versions of the letters `i' and `j'.
% You should use them instead of the ordinary `i' and `j' when you are putting
% an accent above those letters in ordinary text.
% ^^{dotless letters}
% Use the ^|\imath| and ^|\jmath| commands (\xref\imath)
% for dotless `i's and `j's in math formulas.
% \example
% long `i' as in l\=\i fe  \quad \v\j
% |
% \produces
% long `i' as in l\=\i fe  \quad \v\j
% \endexample
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\cts i {}
\cts j {}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤äº§ç”Ÿæ—&nbsp;ç‚¹çš„å­—æ¯ `i' å’Œ `j'ã€‚åœ¨æ™®é€šæ–‡æœ¬ä¸­ï¼Œå¦‚æžœéœ€è¦ä¸º`i' å’Œ `j'
æ&nbsp;‡è®°é‡éŸ³ï¼Œå°±ä½¿ç”¨å®ƒä»¬ã€‚
^^{æ—&nbsp;ç‚¹å­—æ¯}
åœ¨æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼é‡Œï¼Œæ—&nbsp;ç‚¹çš„`i' å’Œ `j' ä½¿ç”¨ ^|\imath| å’Œ ^|\jmath| å‘½ä»¤ (\xref\imath)ã€‚
\example
long `i' as in l\=\i fe  \quad \v\j
|
\produces
long `i' as in l\=\i fe  \quad \v\j
\endexample
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts accent {\&lt;charcode&gt;}
% \explain
% ^^{accents}
% This command puts an accent over the character following this command.
% The accent is the character at position \&lt;charcode&gt; in the current font.
% \TeX\ assumes that the accent has been designed to fit over a character
% $1$\thinspace ex high in the same font as the accent.  If the
% character to be accented
% is taller or shorter, \TeX\ adjusts the position accordingly.  You can
% change \minref{font}s between the accent and the next character, thus
% drawing the accent character and the character to be accented
% from different fonts.  If
% the accent character isn't really intended to be
% an accent, \TeX\ won't complain; it
% will just typeset something ridiculous.
% \example
% l'H\accent94 otel des Invalides
% % Position 94 of font cmr10 has a circumflex accent.
% |
% \produces
% l'H\accent94 otel des Invalides
% % Position 94 of font cmr10 has a circumflex accent.
% \endexample
% \see Math accents (\xref{mathaccent}).
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\cts accent {\&lt;charcode&gt;}
\explain
^^{é‡éŸ³}
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ä¸ºåŽé¢çš„å­—ç¬¦åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šé‡éŸ³æ&nbsp;‡è®°ã€‚é‡éŸ³æ˜¯å½“å‰å­—ä½“é‡Œ \&lt;charcode&gt; ä½ç½®çš„
å­—ç¬¦ã€‚\TeX\ å‡å®šé‡éŸ³ç¬¦å·è¢«è®¾è®¡çš„æ¯”åŒæ&nbsp;·å­—ä½“é‡Œçš„å­—ç¬¦é«˜ $1$\thinspace exã€‚
å¦‚æžœéœ€è¦æ&nbsp;‡è®°é‡éŸ³çš„å­—ç¬¦è¿‡é«˜æˆ–è€…è¿‡ä½Žï¼Œ\TeX\ è‡ªåŠ¨è°ƒæ•´é‡éŸ³ä½ç½®ã€‚ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åœ¨é‡
éŸ³ç¬¦å·å’Œå…¶åŽçš„å­—ç¬¦ä¹‹é—´åˆ‡æ¢\minref{å­—ä½“}ã€‚å¦‚æžœé‡éŸ³ç¬¦å·è¢«è®¾è®¡çš„å¾ˆå¦
ç±»ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°†ä¸ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿè­¦å‘Šï¼›åªæ˜¯æŽ’å°å‡ºä¸€äº›ç¨€å¥‡å¤æ€ªçš„ç»“æžœã€‚
\example
l'H\accent94 otel des Invalides
% Position 94 of font cmr10 has a circumflex accent.
|
\produces
l'H\accent94 otel des Invalides
% Position 94 of font cmr10 has a circumflex accent.
\endexample
\see æ•°å­¦é‡éŸ³ï¼ˆ\xref{mathaccent}ï¼‰ã€‚
\enddesc
%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Defeating boundary ligatures}
\subsection å¤„ç†é¡µè¾¹è¿žå†™

% \begindesc
% \bix^^{ligatures}
% \cts noboundary {}
% \explain
% You can defeat a ligature
% or kern that \TeX\ applies to the
% first or last character of a word by putting |\noboundary| just before
% or just after the word.
% Certain fonts intended for languages other than English
% contain a special boundary
% character that \TeX\ puts at the beginning
% and end of each word.
% The boundary character occupies no space and is invisible when printed.
% It enables \TeX\ to provide different typographical
% treatment to characters at the beginning or end of a word,
% since
% the boundary character can be part of a sequence of
% characters to be kerned or replaced by a ligature.
% (None of the standard \TeX\ fonts contain this boundary character.)
% The effect of |\noboundary| is to delete the
% boundary character if it's there, thus preventing \TeX\
% from recognizing the ligature or kern.
% \eix^^{ligatures}
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\bix^^{è¿žå†™}
\cts noboundary {}
\explain
æŸäº›æ—¶å€™ï¼Œ\TeX{} å¯¹å•è¯çš„å¼€å¤´æˆ–è€…æœ«å°¾å­—ç¬¦è¿žå†™æˆ–è€…ç´§æŽ’ã€‚ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ç´§æŽ¥ç€å•è¯
å‰é¢æˆ–è€…åŽé¢æ”¾ä¸€ä¸ª |\noboundary| æ¥å–æ¶ˆå®ƒä»¬ã€‚æœ‰äº›éžè‹±æ–‡å­—ä½“åŒ…å«ä¸€ä¸ªä¸“
é—¨çš„è¾¹ç•Œå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œè¢« \TeX{} æ”¾åœ¨å•è¯çš„å‰åŽã€‚è¿™ä¸ªè¾¹ç•Œå­—ç¬¦ä¸å&nbsp;ç©ºé—´ï¼Œæ‰“å°å‡ºæ¥
ä¹Ÿä¸å¯è§ã€‚å®ƒå¯ä»¥æˆä¸ºèƒ½è¢«ç´§æŽ’æˆ–è¿žå†™çš„ä¸€ä¸²å­—ç¬¦çš„ç»„æˆéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥æœ‰äº†
å®ƒï¼Œ\TeX{} å¯ä»¥å¯¹å•è¯çš„å¤´å°¾åšåˆ«è‡´çš„å¤„ç†ã€‚ï¼ˆæ&nbsp;‡å‡†çš„\TeX{} å­—ä½“ä¸åŒ…å«æ­¤è¾¹
ç•Œå­—ç¬¦ï¼‰ |\noboundary| çš„æ•ˆæžœæ˜¯åˆ&nbsp;é™¤å­˜åœ¨çš„è¾¹ç•Œå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œä»Žè€Œé˜²æ­¢ \TeX{} è¯†
åˆ«è¿žå†™æˆ–ç´§æŽ’ã€‚
\eix^^{è¿žå†™}
\enddesc

%==========================================================================
%\section {Selecting fonts}
\section {é€‰æ‹©å­—ä½“}

%\xrdef{selfont}
\xrdef{selfont}
%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Particular fonts}
\subsection {ç‰¹å®šå­—ä½“}

% \begindesc
% ^^{fonts}
% %
% \ctsx fivebf {use $5$-point bold font}
% \ctsx fivei {use $5$-point math italic font}
% \ctsx fiverm {use $5$-point roman font}
% \ctsx fivesy {use $5$-point math symbol font}
% \ctsx sevenbf {use $7$-point bold font}
% \ctsx seveni {use $7$-point math italic font}
% \ctsx sevenrm {use $7$-point roman font}
% \ctsx sevensy {use $7$-point math symbol font}
% \ctsx tenbf {use $10$-point bold text font}
% \ctsx tenex {use $10$-point math extension font}
% \ctsx teni {use $10$-point math italic font}
% \ctsx tenrm {use $10$-point roman text font}
% \ctsx tensl {use $10$-point slanted roman font}
% \ctsx tensy {use $10$-point math symbol font}
% \ctsx tenit {use $10$-point italic font}
% \ctsx tentt {use $10$-point typewriter font}
% \explain
% These commands cause \TeX\ to typeset the following text in the
% specified font.  Normally you would enclose
% one of these font-selecting commands in a
% group, together with the text to be set in the selected font.
% Outside of a group a font-selecting command is
% effective until the end of the document
% (unless you override it with another such command).
% \example
% See how I've reduced my weight---from
% 120 lbs.\ to {\sevenrm 140 lbs}.
% |
% \produces
% See how I've reduced my weight---from
% 120 lbs.\ to {\sevenrm 140 lbs}.
% \endexample
% \enddesc

\begindesc
^^{å­—ä½“}
%
\ctsx fivebf {ä½¿ç”¨ $5$ ç‚¹ç²—ä½“}
\ctsx fivei {ä½¿ç”¨ $5$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“}
\ctsx fiverm {ä½¿ç”¨ $5$ ç‚¹ç½—é©¬ä½“}
\ctsx fivesy {ä½¿ç”¨ $5$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦ç¬¦å·å­—ä½“}
\ctsx sevenbf {ä½¿ç”¨ $7$ ç‚¹ç²—ä½“}
\ctsx seveni {ä½¿ç”¨ $7$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“}
\ctsx sevenrm {ä½¿ç”¨ $7$ ç‚¹ç½—é©¬ä½“}
\ctsx sevensy {ä½¿ç”¨ $7$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦ç¬¦å·å­—ä½“}
\ctsx tenbf {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹ç²—ä½“}
\ctsx tenex {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦æ‰©å±•å­—ä½“}
\ctsx teni {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“}
\ctsx tenrm {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹ç½—é©¬ä½“}
\ctsx tensl {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ–œç½—é©¬ä½“}
\ctsx tensy {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ•°å­¦ç¬¦å·å­—ä½“}
\ctsx tenit {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“}
\ctsx tentt {ä½¿ç”¨ $10$ ç‚¹æ‰“å­—æœºå­—ä½“}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤ä½¿ \TeX{} ç”¨æŒ‡å®šçš„å­—ä½“æŽ’ç‰ˆåŽé¢çš„æ–‡æœ¬ã€‚ä¸€èˆ¬ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥æŠŠå­—ä½“é€‰æ‹©å‘½ä»¤
å’Œç›¸åº”çš„æ–‡æœ¬ç½®äºŽåŒä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„ä¸­ã€‚ç¼–ç»„ä¹‹å¤–ä½¿ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªå­—ä½“é€‰æ‹©å‘½ä»¤ç›´åˆ°æ–‡æ¡£æœ€åŽã€‚
ï¼ˆé™¤éžä¸­é€”ç”¨å¦ä¸€ä¸ªç±»ä¼¼çš„å‘½ä»¤è¦†ç›–æŽ‰å®ƒï¼‰
\example
See how I've reduced my weight---from
120 lbs.\ to {\sevenrm 140 lbs}.
|
\produces
See how I've reduced my weight---from
120 lbs.\ to {\sevenrm 140 lbs}.
\endexample
\enddesc

% \begindesc
% \cts nullfont {}
% \explain
% This command selects a font, built into \TeX,
% that has no characters in it.  \TeX\ uses it
% as a replacement for an undefined font in a family of math fonts.
% \enddesc

\begindesc
\cts nullfont {}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤é€‰æ‹©ä¸€ç§ \TeX{} å†…ç½®çš„æ²¡æœ‰ä»»ä½•å­—ç¬¦çš„ç©ºå­—ä½“ã€‚åœ¨ä¸€æ—æ•°å­¦å­—ä½“
ä¸­ï¼Œ\TeX{} å°†ç”¨å®ƒå–ä»£å…¶ä¸­æ²¡æœ‰å®šä¹‰çš„å­—ä½“ã€‚
\enddesc

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Type styles}
\subsection {å­—ä½“é£Žæ&nbsp;¼}

% \xrdef{seltype}
% \begindesc
% ^^{type styles}
% \easy\ctsx bf {use boldface type}
% \ctsx it {use italic type}
% \ctsx rm {use roman type}
% \ctsx sl {use slanted type}
% \ctsx tt {use typewriter type}
% \explain
% These commands select a type style without changing the typeface or
% the point size.\footnote{
% \TeX\ does not provide predefined commands for changing just the point
% size, e.g., |\eightpoint|.
% Supporting such commands would require a great number of fonts,
% most of which would never be used.
% Such commands were, however, used in typesetting \texbook.}
% Normally you would enclose
% one of these type style commands in a
% group, together with the text to be set in the selected font.
% Outside of a group a type style command is
% effective until the end of the document
% (unless you override it with another such command).
% \example
% The Dormouse was {\it not} amused.
% |
% \produces
% The Dormouse was {\it not} amused.
% \endexample
% \enddesc
\xrdef{seltype}
\begindesc
^^{å­—ä½“é£Žæ&nbsp;¼}
\easy\ctsx bf {ç²—ä½“}
\ctsx it {æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“}
\ctsx rm {ç½—é©¬ä½“}
\ctsx sl {æ–œä½“}
\ctsx tt {æ‰“å­—æœºå­—ä½“}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤é€‰æ‹©ä¸€ç§å­—ä½“é£Žæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ”¹å˜å­—æ&nbsp;·æˆ–è€…å­—å·ã€‚
\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼šæ³¨æ„åŒºåˆ†å­—æ&nbsp;·ï¼ˆtypefaceï¼‰å’Œå­—ä½“ï¼ˆfontï¼‰ï¼Œå­—æ&nbsp;·æŒ‡ä¸€æ•´å¥—ç»Ÿä¸€è®¾è®¡çš„å­—ä½“ã€‚}
\footnote{\TeX\ å¹¶ä¸æä¾›é¢„å®šä¹‰çš„å‘½ä»¤æ¥æ”¹å˜å­—å·ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œ|\eightpoint|ã€‚è¦æ”¯æŒè¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œ
éœ€è¦å¤§é‡çš„å­—ä½“ï¼Œå¯èƒ½å¾ˆå¤šä»Žæ¥éƒ½ä¸ä¼šç”¨åˆ°ã€‚è¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„å‘½ä»¤æ›¾è¢«ç”¨æ¥æŽ’ç‰ˆ\texbookã€‚}
ä¸€èˆ¬æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œè¿™äº›å­—ä½“é£Žæ&nbsp;¼å‘½ä»¤å’Œç›¸åº”çš„æ–‡æœ¬è¢«ä¸€èµ·åŒ…å«åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªç¼–ç»„é‡Œã€‚
å¦‚æžœæ”¾åœ¨ç¼–ç»„ä¹‹å¤–ï¼Œæ•ˆæžœå°†ä¼šä½œç”¨äºŽæ–‡æ¡£å‰©ä½™éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼ˆé™¤éžç”¨å¦å¤–ä¸€ä¸ªè¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„å‘½ä»¤è¦†ç›–å®ƒï¼‰ã€‚
\example
The Dormouse was {\it not} amused.
|
\produces
The Dormouse was {\it not} amused.
\endexample
\enddesc

% \see ``Fonts in math formulas'' (\xref{mathfonts}).
\see ``æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼å­—ä½“''ï¼ˆ\xref{mathfonts}ï¼‰ã€‚

%==========================================================================
% \section {Uppercase and lowercase}
\section {å¤§å†™å’Œå°å†™}

% \begindesc
% \bix^^{case conversion}
% \bix^^{uppercase//conversion to}
% \bix^^{lowercase//conversion to}
% \cts lccode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
% \cts uccode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
% \explain
% The |\lccode| and |\uccode| values for the $256$ possible input
% characters specify the correspondence between the lowercase and
% uppercase forms of letters.  These values are used by the |\lowercase|
% and |\uppercase| commands respectively and by \TeX's hyphenation
% algorithm.


\begindesc
\bix^^{å¤§å°å†™è½¬æ¢}
\bix^^{å¤§å†™å­—æ¯//è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå¤§å†™å­—æ¯}
\bix^^{å°å†™å­—æ¯//è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå°å†™å­—æ¯}
\cts lccode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
\cts uccode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
\explain
|\lccode| å’Œ |\uccode| çš„å€¼ä¸º$256$ä¸ªè¾“å…¥å­—ç¬¦è®¾å®šå¤§å°å†™çš„å¯¹åº”å…³ç³»ã€‚
|\lowercase| å’Œ |\uppercase| å‘½ä»¤ä»¥åŠ \TeX\ çš„æ–­è¯ç®—æ³•å°†ä¼šä½¿ç”¨è¿™äº›å€¼ã€‚

% \TeX\ initializes the values of |\lccode| and |\uccode| as follows:
\TeX\ è¿™æ&nbsp;·åˆå§‹åŒ– |\lccode|å’Œ|\uccode|çš„å€¼ï¼š
%\ulist\compact
%\li The |\lccode| of a lowercase letter is the {\ascii} code for that letter.
%\li The |\lccode| of an uppercase letter is the {\ascii} code for the
%corresponding lowercase letter.
%\li The |\uccode| of an uppercase letter is the {\ascii} code for that letter.
%\li The |\uccode| of a lowercase letter is the {\ascii} code for the
%corresponding uppercase letter.
%\li The |\lccode| and |\uccode| of a nonletter are both zero.
%\endulist
\ulist\compact
\li å°å†™å­—æ¯çš„|\lccode|æ˜¯å®ƒçš„{\ascii}ä»£ç&nbsp;ã€‚
\li å¤§å†™å­—æ¯çš„|\lccode|æ˜¯å®ƒçš„å°å†™å½¢å¼çš„{\ascii}ä»£ç&nbsp;ã€‚
\li å¤§å†™å­—æ¯çš„|\uccode|æ˜¯å®ƒçš„{\ascii}ä»£ç&nbsp;ã€‚
\li å°å†™å­—æ¯çš„|\lccode|æ˜¯å®ƒçš„å¤§å†™å½¢å¼çš„{\ascii}ä»£ç&nbsp;ã€‚
\li éžå­—æ¯å­—ç¬¦çš„|\lccode|å’Œ|\uccode|éƒ½æ˜¯é›¶ã€‚
\endulist

%Most of the time there's no reason to change these values,
%but you might want to change them if you're using a  language
%that has more letters than English.
%\example
%\char\uccode`s \char\lccode`a \char\lccode`M
%|
%\produces
%\char\uccode`s \char\lccode`a \char\lccode`M
%\endexample
%\enddesc
å¤§å¤šæ•°æ—¶å€™ï¼Œæ²¡æœ‰å¿…è¦æ”¹å˜è¿™äº›å€¼ï¼Œé™¤éžä½&nbsp;ä½¿ç”¨çš„è¯­æ–‡çš„å­—æ¯æ¯”è‹±æ–‡å¤šã€‚
\example
\char\uccode`s \char\lccode`a \char\lccode`M
|
\produces
\char\uccode`s \char\lccode`a \char\lccode`M
\endexample
\enddesc


%\begindesc
%\cts lowercase {\rqbraces{\&lt;token list&gt;}}
%\cts uppercase {\rqbraces{\&lt;token list&gt;}}
%\explain ^^{case conversion}
%These commands convert the letters in \&lt;token list&gt;,
%i.e., those tokens with category code $11$, to their lowercase
%and uppercase forms.
%The conversion of a letter is defined by its |\lccode| (for lowercase)
%or |\uccode| (for uppercase) table value.
%Tokens in the list that are not letters are not affected---even if the
%tokens are \minref{macro} calls or other commands that expand into letters.
%\example
%\def\x{Cd} \lowercase{Ab\x} \uppercase{Ab\x}
%|
%\produces
%\def\x{Cd} \lowercase{Ab\x} \uppercase{Ab\x}
%
%\eix^^{case conversion}
%\eix^^{uppercase//conversion to}
%\eix^^{lowercase//conversion to}
%\endexample
%\enddesc
\begindesc
\cts lowercase {\rqbraces{\&lt;token list&gt;}}
\cts uppercase {\rqbraces{\&lt;token list&gt;}}
\explain ^^{å¤§å°å†™è½¬æ¢}
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤æŒ‰ç…§|\lccode|å’Œ|\uccode|çš„å€¼è½¬æ¢\&lt;token list&gt;ä¸­çš„å­—æ¯ï¼ˆç±»åˆ«ç&nbsp;ä¸º$11$çš„ï¼‰ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬çš„å¤§å†™å’Œå°å†™å½¢å¼ã€‚
éžå­—æ¯å­—ç¬¦ä¸å—å½±å“ï¼Œå³ä½¿å®ƒä»¬æ˜¯\minref{å®}è°ƒç”¨æˆ–å…¶ä»–å±•å¼€æˆå­—æ¯çš„å‘½ä»¤ã€‚
\example
\def\x{Cd} \lowercase{Ab\x} \uppercase{Ab\x}
|
\produces
\def\x{Cd} \lowercase{Ab\x} \uppercase{Ab\x}

\eix^^{å¤§å°å†™è½¬æ¢}
\eix^^{å¤§å†™å­—æ¯//è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå¤§å†™å­—æ¯}
\eix^^{å°å†™å­—æ¯//è½¬æ¢ä¸ºå°å†™å­—æ¯}
\endexample
\enddesc


%==========================================================================
%\section {Interword spacing}
\section {å•è¯é—´è·}

%\begindesc
%\bix^^{spaces//interword}
%\easy\ctsbasic {\\\vs}{}
%\blankidxref\ctsxrdef{@space}
%\explain
%This command explicitly produces an interword
%space called a ``^{control space}''.
%A control space is useful when a
%letter occurs immediately after a control sequence, or in any other
%circumstance where you don't want two tokens to be run together in the
%output.
%The amount of space produced by |\!vs|
%is independent of preceding punctuation, i.e., its space factor
%(\xref\spacefactor) is $1000$.
\begindesc
\bix^^{é—´éš”//å•è¯é—´è·}
\writeidxfalse
\easy\ctsbasic {\\\vs}{}
\blankidxref\ctsxrdef{@space}
\writeidxtrue
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤æ˜Žç¡®åœ°äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªå•è¯é—´ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œç§°ä¸º``^{æŽ§åˆ¶ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}''ã€‚
å½“ä¸€ä¸ªå­—æ¯å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªæŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—ä¹‹åŽæˆ–è€…å…¶ä»–æƒ…å†µä¸‹ä½&nbsp;ä¸æƒ³è®©ä¸¤ä¸ªè®°å·æŽ’åœ¨ä¸€èµ·æ—¶ï¼Œå°±è¦ç”¨åˆ°æŽ§åˆ¶ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
ç”±|\!vs|äº§ç”Ÿçš„ç©ºç™½ä¸å—å‰é¢æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹çš„å½±å“ï¼Œå³å…¶è·ç¦»å›&nbsp;å­
ï¼ˆ\xref\spacefactorï¼‰ä¸º$1000$ã€‚

%Incidentally, if you want to print the `\vs' ^^{visible space}
%character that we've used here to denote a space, you can get it by typing
%|{\tt \char `\ }|.
%
%\example
%The Dormouse was a \TeX\ expert, but he never let on.
%|
%\produces
%The Dormouse was a \TeX\ expert, but he never let on.
%\endexample
%\enddesc


å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;æƒ³æ‰“å°å‡º`\vs' ^^{å¯è§ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼}ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œå¯ä»¥è¾“å…¥
|{\tt \char `\ }|.

\example
The Dormouse was a \TeX\ expert, but he never let on.
|
\produces
The Dormouse was a \TeX\ expert, but he never let on.
\endexample
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts space {}
%\explain
%This command is equivalent to an input space character.
%It differs from ^|\ | in that its
%width \emph{can} be affected by preceding punctuation.
%\example
%Yes.\space No.\space Maybe.\par
%Yes.\!vs!.No.\!vs!.Maybe.
%
%|
%\produces
%Yes.\space No.\space Maybe.\par
%Yes.\ No.\ Maybe.
%\endexample
%\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts space {}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ç­‰ä»·äºŽä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼å­—ç¬¦ã€‚å’Œ \writeidxfalse^|\ |\writeidxtrue ä¸åŒï¼Œ
å®ƒçš„å®½åº¦\emph{ä¼š}å—åˆ°å‰é¢æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹çš„å½±å“ã€‚
\example
Yes.\space No.\space Maybe.\par
Yes.\!vs!.No.\!vs!.Maybe.

|
\produces
Yes.\space No.\space Maybe.\par
Yes.\ No.\ Maybe.
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\ctsact  ^^M \xrdef{@newline}
%\explain
%This construct produces the ^{end of line} character.
%It normally has two effects when \TeX\ encounters it in
%your input:
%\olist
%\li It acts as a command, producing either an input space
%(if it comes at the end of a nonblank line)
%or a |\par| token (if it comes at the end of a blank line).
%^^|\par//from empty line|
%\li It ends the input line, causing \TeX\ to ignore the remaining
%characters on the line.
%\endolist
%\noindent
%However, |^^M| does \emph{not} end the line when it appears in the
%context |`\^^M|, denoting the ASCII code for control-M (the number $13$).
%You can change the meaning of |^^M|
%by giving it a different \minref{category code}.
%See \xrefpg{twocarets} for a more general explanation of the |^^| notation.
%\example
%Hello.^^MGoodbye.
%Goodbye again.\par
%The \char `\^^M\ character.\par
%% The fl ligature is at position 13 of font cmr10
%\number `\^^M\ is the end of line code.\par
%Again, \number `^^M is the end of line code,
%isn't it? % 32 is the ASCII code for a space
%|
%\produces
%{\catcode `\^ = 7 % disable indexing use within this display
%Hello.^^MGoodbye
%Goodbye again.\par
%The \char `\^^M\ character.\par
%\number `\^^M\ is the end of line code.\par
%Again, \number `^^M is the end of line code,
%isn't it?}
%\endexample
%\enddesc
%
\begindesc
\ctsact  ^^M \xrdef{@newline}
\explain
è¿™å°†äº§ç”Ÿ^{è¡Œå°¾}å­—ç¬¦ã€‚é€šå¸¸æœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªæ•ˆæžœï¼š
\olist
\li ç±»ä¼¼ä¸€ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ï¼Œäº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼ˆå¦‚æžœå®ƒå‡ºçŽ°åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªéžç©ºè¡Œçš„å°¾éƒ¨ï¼‰æˆ–è€…ä¸€ä¸ª
|\par|è®°å·ï¼ˆå¦‚æžœå‡ºçŽ°åœ¨ç©ºè¡Œçš„å°¾éƒ¨ï¼‰ã€‚^^|\par//æ¥è‡ªç©ºè¡Œ|
\li ç»“æŸä¸€è¡Œï¼Œä½¿\TeX{}å¿½ç•¥å‰©ä½™çš„å­—ç¬¦ã€‚
\endolist
\noindent
ä½†æ˜¯ï¼Œå¦‚æžœä»¥|`\^^M|ï¼ˆå³ control-M çš„ ASCII ä»£ç&nbsp; 13ï¼‰å‡ºçŽ°ï¼Œ|^^M|\emph{ä¸ä¼š}ç»“æŸä¸€è¡Œã€‚
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä¿®æ”¹\minref{ç±»åˆ«ç&nbsp;}ï¼Œä»Žè€Œèµ‹äºˆå®ƒæ–°çš„å«ä¹‰ã€‚
å…³äºŽ|^^|æ›´å¤šçš„è§£é‡Šè¯·å‚è§\xrefpg{twocarets}ã€‚
\example
Hello.^^MGoodbye.
Goodbye again.\par
The \char `\^^M\ character.\par
% The fl ligature is at position 13 of font cmr10
\number `\^^M\ is the end of line code.\par
Again, \number `^^M is the end of line code,
isn't it? % 32 is the ASCII code for a space
|
\produces
{\catcode `\^ = 7 % disable indexing use within this display
Hello.^^MGoodbye
Goodbye again.\par
The \char `\^^M\ character.\par
\number `\^^M\ is the end of line code.\par
Again, \number `^^M is the end of line code,
isn't it?}
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\easy\ctsact ~ \xrdef{@not}
%\explain
%The \minref{active character} `|~|', called a ``^{tie}'',
%produces a normal interword space
%between two words and links those words so that
%a line break will not occur between them.
%You should use a tie in any context where a line break would be confusing,
%e.g., before a middle initial, after an abbreviation such as ``Dr.'',
%or after ``Fig.'' in ``Fig.~8''.
%
%\example
%P.D.Q.~Bach (1807--1742), the youngest and most
%imitative son of Johann~S. Bach, composed the
%{\sl Concerto for Horn and Hardart}.
%|
%\produces
%\margin{The inversion of dates is deliberate---cf. Peter Schickele.}
%P.D.Q.~Bach (1807--1742), the youngest and most
%imitative son of Johann~S. Bach, composed the
%{\sl Concerto for Horn and Hardart}.
%\endexample\enddesc


\begindesc
\easy\ctsact ~ \xrdef{@not}
\explain
\minref{æ´»åŠ¨å­—ç¬¦}`|~|'ç§°ä¸º``^{å¸¦å­}''ï¼ˆtieï¼‰ï¼Œå®ƒäº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªæ­£å¸¸çš„å•è¯é—´ç©ºç™½ï¼Œ
åŒæ—¶ä¿è¯å‰åŽä¸¤ä¸ªå•è¯ä¹‹é—´ä¸ä¼šæ–­è¡Œã€‚åªè¦æ–­è¡Œä¼šæœ‰æ­§ä¹‰ï¼Œå°±åº”è¯¥ä½¿ç”¨å¸¦å­ã€‚
æ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸­é—´åä¹‹å‰ï¼Œç¼©å†™è¯``Dr.''ä¹‹åŽï¼Œæˆ–è€…``Fig.''ä¹‹åŽï¼šåƒ``Fig.~8''ã€‚

\example
P.D.Q.~Bach (1807--1742), the youngest and most
imitative son of Johann~S. Bach, composed the
{\sl Concerto for Horn and Hardart}.
|
\produces
\margin{The inversion of dates is deliberate---cf. Peter Schickele.}
P.D.Q.~Bach (1807--1742), the youngest and most
imitative son of Johann~S. Bach, composed the
{\sl Concerto for Horn and Hardart}.
\endexample\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\easy\ctspecial / \ctsxrdef{@slash}
%\explain
%Every character in a \TeX\ \minref{font}
%has an ``^{italic correction}'' associated with it, although
%the italic correction
%is normally zero for a character in an unslanted (upright) font.
%The italic correction specifies the extra space that's needed
%when you're switching from a slanted font (not necessarily
%an italic font) to an unslanted font.
%The extra
%space is needed because a slanted character projects into the
%space that follows it, making the space look too small when the
%next character is unslanted.
%The metrics file for a font includes the italic correction of each
%character in the font.
%^^{metrics file//italic correction in}
\begindesc
\easy\ctspecial / \ctsxrdef{@slash}
\explain
\TeX\ \minref{å­—ä½“}ä¸­æ¯ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦éƒ½æœ‰``^{å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£}''ã€‚ç›´ç«‹å­—ä½“çš„å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£ä¸€èˆ¬å°±æ˜¯é›¶ã€‚
å½“ä»Žå€¾æ–œçš„å­—ä½“ï¼ˆä¸ä¸€å®šæ˜¯æ„å¤§åˆ©ä½“ï¼‰åˆ‡æ¢åˆ°ç›´ç«‹çš„å­—ä½“æ—¶ï¼Œå€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£ä¼šå¢žåŠ&nbsp;é¢å¤–çš„ç©ºç™½ã€‚
è¿™ä¸ªé¢å¤–çš„ç©ºç™½ä¹‹æ‰€ä»¥å¿…è¦ï¼Œæ˜¯å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå€¾æ–œçš„å­—ç¬¦ç•¥å¾®æŒ¤å&nbsp;äº†åŽé¢çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ä½ç½®ï¼Œ
å½“åŽé¢è·Ÿç€ç›´ç«‹å­—ä½“æ—¶ï¼Œä¼šæ˜¾å¾—ä¸­é—´çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼å¤ªå°ã€‚
æ‰€æœ‰å­—ç¬¦çš„å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£éƒ½åŒ…å«åœ¨å­—ä½“çš„åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶é‡Œã€‚
^^{åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶//å…¶ä¸­çš„å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£}

%The |\/| command
%produces an ^{italic correction} for the preceding character.
%You should insert an italic correction when you're switching from
%a slanted font to an unslanted font,
%except when the next character is a period or comma.
%\example
%However, {\it somebody} ate {\it something}: that's clear.
%
%However, {\it somebody\/} ate {\it something\/}:
%that's clear.
%|
%\produces
%However, {\it somebody} ate {\it something}: that's clear.
%
%However, {\it somebody\/} ate {\it something\/}:
%that's clear.
%\endexample
%\enddesc
å‘½ä»¤|\/|äº§ç”Ÿå¯¹å‰é¢å­—ç¬¦çš„^{å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£}ã€‚å½“ä»Žå€¾æ–œå­—ä½“åˆ‡æ¢åˆ°ç›´ç«‹å­—ä½“çš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œ
å¿…é¡»è¦æ’å…¥å€¾æ–œä¿®æ­£ï¼Œé™¤éžä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦æ˜¯å¥ç‚¹æˆ–é€—å·ã€‚
\example
However, {\it somebody} ate {\it something}: that's clear.

However, {\it somebody\/} ate {\it something\/}:
that's clear.
|
\produces
However, {\it somebody} ate {\it something}: that's clear.

However, {\it somebody\/} ate {\it something\/}:
that's clear.
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\cts frenchspacing {}
%\cts nonfrenchspacing {}
%\explain
%^^{interword spacing}
%\TeX\ normally adjusts the spacing between words to account for
%punctuation marks.  For example, it inserts extra space at the end of a
%sentence and adds some stretch to the \minref{glue} following any
%punctuation mark there.  The |\frenchspacing| command tells \TeX\ to make
%the interword spacing independent of punctuation, while the
%|\nonfrenchspacing| command tells \TeX\ to use its normal spacing rules.
%If you don't specify
%|\frenchspacing|, you'll get \TeX's normal spacing.
%
%See \xrefpg{periodspacing} for advice on how to control \TeX's treatment
%of punctuation at the end of sentences.
%
%\example
%{\frenchspacing  An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
%{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
%|
%\produces
%{\frenchspacing  An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
%{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
%\endexample
%
%\enddesc
%


\begindesc
\cts frenchspacing {}
\cts nonfrenchspacing {}
\explain
^^{å•è¯é—´è·}
\TeX{}ä¸€èˆ¬ä¼šä¸ºäº†æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ç¬¦å·è€Œè°ƒæ•´å•è¯é—´è·ã€‚ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œä¸€ä¸ªå¥å­çš„æœ«å°¾ä¼šæœ‰é¢å¤–çš„ç©ºç™½ï¼Œ
å¥å°¾æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ç¬¦å·ä¹‹åŽçš„\minref{ç²˜è¿ž}ä¼šè¢«æ‹‰é•¿ã€‚
|\frenchspacing|å‘½ä»¤è®©\TeX{}è°ƒæ•´å•è¯é—´è·æ—¶å¿½ç•¥æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ç¬¦å·ï¼›
|\nonfrenchspacing|å‘½ä»¤è®©\TeX{}ä½¿ç”¨æ­£å¸¸é—´è·ï¼Œå³ä¸ä½¿ç”¨|\frenchspacing|æ•ˆæžœã€‚

%See \xrefpg{periodspacing} for advice on how to control \TeX's treatment
%of punctuation at the end of sentences.
%
%\example
%{\frenchspacing  An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
%{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
%|
%\produces
%{\frenchspacing  An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
%{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
%\endexample
%
%\enddesc


å…³äºŽ\TeX{}å¦‚ä½•å¤„ç†å¥å°¾æ&nbsp;‡ç‚¹ï¼Œè¯·å‚è€ƒ\xrefpg{periodspacing}ã€‚
\example
{\frenchspacing An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
|
\produces
{\frenchspacing  An example: two sentences. Right? No.\par}
{An example: two sentences. Right? No. \par}%
\endexample

\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts obeyspaces {}
%\explain
%\TeX\ normally condenses a sequence of several spaces to a single space.
%|\obeyspaces| instructs \TeX\ to produce a space in the output
%for each space in the input.
%|\obeyspaces| does not cause spaces at the beginning of a line
%to show up, however; for that we recommend the |\obey!-white!-space|
%command defined in |eplain.tex|
%(\xref{ewhitesp}).
%^^|\obeywhitespace|
%|\obeyspaces| is often useful when you're typesetting something,
%computer input for example,
%in a monospaced font (one in which each character takes up the
%same amount of space)
%and you want to show exactly what each line of input looks like.
%
%You can use the |\obeylines| command (\xref{\obeylines}) to get \TeX\
%to follow the line boundaries of your input.  |\obeylines| is often
%used in combination with |\obeyspaces|.
%\example
%These     spaces    are    closed   up
%{\obeyspaces but   these  are     not   }.
%|
%\produces
%These     spaces    are    closed   up
%{\obeyspaces but   these  are     not   }.
%\endexample
%\enddesc
%

\begindesc
\cts obeyspaces {}
\explain
\TeX\ æŠŠè¿žç»­çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼å¤„ç†ä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
|\obeyspaces|çš„ä½œç”¨æ˜¯è¾“å…¥å¤šå°‘ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œå°±è¾“å‡ºå¤šå°‘ã€‚
ä½†æ˜¯|\obeyspaces|ä¸ä¼šæ˜¾ç¤ºè¡Œé¦–çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚è¿™æ—¶å€™æŽ¨èä½¿ç”¨|\obey!-white!-space|ï¼Œå…¶å®šä¹‰åœ¨|eplain.tex|ä¸­(\xref{ewhitesp})ã€‚
^^|\obeywhitespace|
|\obeyspaces|ä¸»è¦ç”¨äºŽä»¥ç­‰å®½å­—ä½“æ‰“å°è®¡ç®—æœºä»£ç&nbsp;ï¼Œä»¥åŠæ˜¾ç¤ºæ‰€è§å³æ‰€å¾—çš„å†…å®¹ã€‚


|\obeylines|å‘½ä»¤(\xref{\obeylines})çš„ä½œç”¨æ˜¯è®©\TeX{}è¾“å‡ºè·Ÿä½&nbsp;æ‰€è¾“å…¥çš„ä¸€æ¨¡ä¸€æ&nbsp;·çš„è¡Œã€‚|\obeylines|ç»å¸¸å’Œ|\obeyspaces|ä¸€èµ·è¢«ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
\example
These     spaces    are    closed   up
{\obeyspaces but   these  are     not   }.
|
\produces
These     spaces    are    closed   up
{\obeyspaces but   these  are     not   }.
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\cts spacefactor {\param{number}}
%\cts spaceskip {\param{glue}}
%\cts xspaceskip {\param{glue}}
%\cts sfcode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
%\explain
%These primitive \minref{parameter}s affect how much space \TeX\
%puts between two adjacent words, i.e., the ^{interword spacing}.
%The normal interword spacing is supplied by the current font.
%As \TeX\ is processing a \minref{horizontal list}, it keeps track of the
%^{space factor} $f$ in |\spacefactor|.
%As it processes each input character $c$, it updates $f$ according to the
%value of $f_c$, the space factor code of $c$ (see below).
%For most characters, $f_c$ is $1000$ and \TeX\ sets $f$ to $1000$.
%(The initial value of $f$ is also $1000$.)
%When \TeX\ sees an interword space, it adjusts the size of that space
%by multiplying the stretch and shrink of that space by
%$f/1000$ and $1000/f$ respectively.
%Thus:
%\olist\compact
%\li If $f=1000$, the interword space keeps its normal value.
%\li If $f&lt;1000$, the interword space gets less \minref{stretch}
%and more \minref{shrink}.
%\li If $f&gt;1000$, the interword space gets more \minref{stretch}
%and less \minref{shrink}.
%\endolist
%% &gt; changed to \ge on the next line after second edition was typeset.
%% Correction made by A-W production.
%In addition, if $f\ge2000$ the interword space is further increased by the
%``extra space'' parameter associated with the current font.
\begindesc
\cts spacefactor {\param{number}}
\cts spaceskip {\param{glue}}
\cts xspaceskip {\param{glue}}
\cts sfcode {\&lt;charcode&gt; \tblentry{number}}
\explain
è¿™äº›åŸºæœ¬\minref{å‚æ•°}å½±å“ç›¸é‚»å•è¯ä¹‹é—´çš„ç©ºç™½ï¼Œå³^{å•è¯é—´è·}ã€‚
é»˜è®¤çš„å•è¯é—´è·ç”±å½“å‰å­—ä½“å†³å®šã€‚
å½“\TeX\ å¤„ç†ä¸€ä¸ª\minref{æ°´å¹³åˆ—è¡¨}æ—¶ï¼Œä¼šç›‘è§† |\spacefactor| ^{é—´éš”å›&nbsp;å­} $f$ã€‚
æ¯å½“ä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥å­—ç¬¦$c$è¢«å¤„ç†æ—¶ï¼Œ$f$å°±ä¼šéš$f_c$ï¼ˆ$c$çš„é—´éš”å›&nbsp;å­ä»£ç&nbsp;ï¼‰çš„å€¼è€Œæ›´æ–°ã€‚
å¤§å¤šæ•°çš„å­—ç¬¦ï¼Œ$f_c$æ˜¯$1000$ï¼Œå›&nbsp;æ­¤\TeX\ è®¾å®š$f$ä¸º$1000$ã€‚ï¼ˆ$f$çš„åˆå§‹å€¼ä¹Ÿæ˜¯$1000$ã€‚ï¼‰
å½“\TeX\ é‡åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªå•è¯é—´ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼çš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œå°±ä¼šè°ƒæ•´é—´éš”çš„å¤§å°ï¼Œ
ç»™è¯¥é—´éš”çš„ä¼¸é•¿é‡å’Œæ”¶ç¼©é‡åˆ†åˆ«ä¹˜ä»¥ $f/1000$ å’Œ $1000/f$ã€‚
æ‰€ä»¥ï¼š
\olist\compact
\li å½“$f=1000$æ—¶ï¼Œå•è¯é—´è·ä¸ºé»˜è®¤å€¼ã€‚
\li å½“$f&lt;1000$æ—¶ï¼Œå•è¯é—´è·æœ‰æ›´å°‘\minref{ä¼¸é•¿é‡}æ›´å¤š\minref{æ”¶ç¼©é‡}ã€‚
\li å½“$f&gt;1000$æ—¶ï¼Œå•è¯é—´è·æœ‰æ›´å¤š\minref{ä¼¸é•¿é‡}æ›´å°‘\minref{æ”¶ç¼©é‡}ã€‚
\endolist
% &gt; changed to \ge on the next line after second edition was typeset.
% Correction made by A-W production.
å¦å¤–ï¼Œå¦‚æžœ$f\ge2000$ï¼Œå½“å‰å­—ä½“çš„``é¢å¤–ç©ºç™½''å‚æ•°ä¼šè®©å•è¯é—´è·è¿›ä¸€æ­¥å¢žå¤§ã€‚

%Each
%input character $c$ has an entry in the |\sfcode| (space factor code)
%table.
%The |\sfcode| table entry is independent of the font.
%Usually \TeX\ just sets $f$ to $f_c$ after it processes $c$.
%However:
%\ulist
%\li If $f_c$ is zero, \TeX\ leaves $f$ unchanged.
%Thus a character such as `|)|' in \plainTeX,
%for which $f_c$ is zero, is essentially transparent to
%the interword space calculation.
%\li If $f&lt;1000&lt;f_c$, \TeX\ sets $f$ to $1000$ rather than to $f_c$,
%i.e., it refuses to raise $f$ very rapidly.
%\endulist
%The |\sfcode| value for a period is normally $3000$,
%which is why \TeX\ usually puts extra space after a period
%% &gt; to \ge here, too, as above.
%(see the rule above for the case $f\ge2000$).
%Noncharacter items in a horizontal list, e.g., vertical rules,
%generally act like characters with a space factor of $1000$.
æ¯ä¸€ä¸ªè¾“å…¥å­—ç¬¦$c$å¯¹åº”äºŽ|\sfcode|ï¼ˆé—´éš”å›&nbsp;å­ä»£ç&nbsp;ï¼‰è¡¨ä¸­çš„ä¸€é¡¹ã€‚
|\sfcode|è¡¨é¡¹ä¸Žå­—ä½“æ—&nbsp;å…³ã€‚é€šå¸¸\TeX\ å¤„ç†å®Œ$c$ä¹‹åŽå°±è®©$f$ç­‰äºŽ$f_c$ã€‚
ä½†æ˜¯ï¼š
\ulist
\li å¦‚æžœ$f_c$ä¸ºé›¶ï¼Œ$f$å°†ä¸å˜ã€‚æ‰€ä»¥\plainTeX\ ä¸­$f_c$ä¸ºé›¶çš„å­—ç¬¦ï¼Œ
å¦‚`|)|'ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽå•è¯é—´è·çš„è®¡ç®—æ¯«æ—&nbsp;å½±å“ã€‚
\li å¦‚æžœ$f&lt;1000&lt;f_c$ï¼Œ\TeX\ ä¼šè®©$f$ä¸º$1000$è€Œä¸æ˜¯$f_c$ï¼Œä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯ï¼Œä¸ä¼šè®©$f$å¿«é€Ÿåœ°å¢žåŠ&nbsp;ã€‚
\endulist
å¥å·çš„|\sfcode|å€¼é€šå¸¸æ˜¯$3000$ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥\TeX\ ä¼šåœ¨å¥å·ä¹‹åŽå¢žåŠ&nbsp;é¢å¤–çš„ç©ºç™½ã€‚%
ï¼ˆå‚è§ä¸Šé¢$f\ge2000$çš„æƒ…å½¢ï¼‰ã€‚æ°´å¹³åˆ—è¡¨ä¸­çš„éžå­—ç¬¦ï¼Œ
æ¯”å¦‚ç«–ç›´æ&nbsp;‡çº¿ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬è§†ä¸ºé—´éš”å›&nbsp;å­ä¸º $1000$ å­—ç¬¦ã€‚

%You can change the space factor explicitly by assigning
%a different numerical value to |\spacefactor|.
%You can also override the normal
%interword spacing by assigning a different numerical
%value to |\xspaceskip| or to |\spaceskip|:
%\ulist
%\li |\xspaceskip| specifies the glue to be used when $f\ge2000$;
%in the case where
%|\xspaceskip| is zero, the normal rules apply.
%\li |\spaceskip| specifies the glue to be used when $f&lt;2000$ or when
%\hbox{|\xspaceskip|} is zero; if |\spaceskip| is zero, the normal rules apply.
%The stretch and shrink of
%the |\spaceskip| glue, like that of the ordinary interword glue,
%is modified according to the value of $f$.
%\endulist
é€šè¿‡ä¿®æ”¹ |\spacefactor| çš„å€¼ï¼Œå°±å¯ä»¥æ˜¾å¼åœ°è°ƒæ•´é—´éš”å›&nbsp;å­ã€‚
é€šè¿‡ä¿®æ”¹ |\xspaceskip| æˆ–è€… |\spaceskip| çš„å€¼ï¼Œä½&nbsp;è¿˜å¯ä»¥è¦†ç›–é»˜è®¤çš„å•è¯é—´è·ï¼š
\ulist
\li |\xspaceskip| è®¾å®š $f\ge2000$ æ—¶çš„ç²˜è¿žï¼›å¦‚æžœ |\xspaceskip| æ˜¯é›¶ï¼Œå°±å–é»˜è®¤å€¼ã€‚
\li |\spaceskip| è®¾å®š $f&lt;2000$ æˆ–è€… |\xspaceskip| ä¸ºé›¶æ—¶çš„ç²˜è¿žï¼›
å¦‚æžœ|\spaceskip|æ˜¯é›¶ï¼Œå°±å–é»˜è®¤å€¼ã€‚
|\spaceskip| ç²˜è¿žçš„ä¼¸é•¿æˆ–æ”¶ç¼©ä¾$f$çš„å€¼è€Œå˜ï¼Œå°±åƒæ™®é€šçš„å•è¯é—´è·ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
\endulist

%See \knuth{page~76} for the precise rules that \TeX\ uses in calculating
%interword \minref{glue}, and \knuth{pages~285--287} for the adjustments
%made to |\spacefactor| after various items in a horizontal list.
%\eix^^{spaces//interword}
%\enddesc
\knuth{ç¬¬~76~é¡µ} å¯¹ \TeX\ è®¡ç®—å•è¯é—´\minref{ç²˜è¿ž}çš„è§„åˆ™æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªå…·ä½“çš„è§£é‡Šã€‚
\knuth{ç¬¬~285--287~é¡µ}è¯¦ç»†æè¿°äº†æ°´å¹³åˆ—è¡¨çš„å„ç§é¡¹ç›®ä¹‹åŽ|\spacefactor|çš„è°ƒæ•´ã€‚
\eix^^{é—´éš”//å•è¯é—´è·}
\enddesc

%==========================================================================
%\section {Centering and justifying lines}
\section {è¡Œçš„å±…ä¸­å’Œå¹³å‡åˆ†å¸ƒ}

%\begindesc
%\bix^^{centering}
%\bix^^{flush left}
%\bix^^{flush right}
%\bix^^{justification}
%\easy\cts centerline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\cts leftline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\cts rightline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\explain
%The |\centerline| command produces an \minref{hbox} exactly as wide
%as the current line and places \&lt;argument&gt; at the center of the box.
%The |\leftline| and |\rightline| commands are analogous; they
%place \&lt;argument&gt; at the left end or at the right end of the box.
%If you want to apply one of these commands to
%several consecutive lines, you must apply
%it to each one individually.
%See \xrefpg{eplaincenter} for an alternate approach.
\begindesc
\bix^^{å±…ä¸­å¯¹é½}
\bix^^{å±…å·¦å¯¹é½}
\bix^^{å±…å³å¯¹é½}
\bix^^{å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½}
\easy\cts centerline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\cts leftline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\cts rightline {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\explain
å‘½ä»¤ |\centerline| äº§ç”Ÿäº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ªä¸Žå½“å‰è¡ŒåŒå®½çš„\minref{æ°´å¹³ç›’å­}ï¼Œ
å¹¶æŠŠ \&lt;argument&gt; åœ¨é‡Œé¢å±…ä¸­æ”¾ç½®ã€‚å‘½ä»¤ |\leftline| å’Œ|\rightline| çš„ä½œç”¨ç±»ä¼¼ï¼š
æŠŠ \&lt;argument&gt; æ”¾åœ¨ç›’å­é‡Œé&nbsp;å·¦æˆ–è€…é&nbsp;å³çš„ä½ç½®ã€‚å¦‚æžœæƒ³è®©å‡&nbsp;è¡Œå†…å®¹éƒ½æœ‰åŒæ&nbsp;·çš„æ•ˆæžœï¼Œ
æ¯ä¸€è¡Œéƒ½å¿…é¡»è¿™æ&nbsp;·æ“ä½œã€‚å…¶ä»–çš„åŠžæ³•ï¼Œè¯·çœ‹\xrefpg{eplaincenter}ã€‚

%Don't use these commands within a paragraph---if you do,
%\TeX\ probably won't be able to break the paragraph into lines and
%will complain about an overfull hbox.
%\example
%\centerline{Grand Central Station}
%\leftline{left of Karl Marx}
%\rightline{right of Genghis Khan}
%|
%\produces
%\centerline{Grand Central Station}
%\leftline{left of Karl Marx}
%\rightline{right of Genghis Khan}
%
%\eix^^{centering}
%\eix^^{flush left}
%\eix^^{flush right}
%\eix^^{justification}
%
%\endexample
%\enddesc
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤ä¸èƒ½ç”¨åœ¨æ®µè½é‡Œï¼Œå¦åˆ™åˆ†æ®µæˆè¡Œçš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œ\TeX\ å¯èƒ½ä¼šé‡åˆ°éº»çƒ¦å¹¶è­¦å‘Šç›’å­æº¢å‡ºäº†ã€‚
\example
\centerline{Grand Central Station}
\leftline{left of Karl Marx}
\rightline{right of Genghis Khan}
|
\produces
\centerline{Grand Central Station}
\leftline{left of Karl Marx}
\rightline{right of Genghis Khan}
\eix^^{å±…ä¸­å¯¹é½}
\eix^^{å±…å·¦å¯¹é½}
\eix^^{å±…å³å¯¹é½}
\eix^^{å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½}
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\easy\cts line {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\explain
%This command produces an \minref{hbox} containing \&lt;argument&gt;.
%The hbox is exactly as wide as the current line, i.e., it
%extends from the right margin to the left margin.
%\example
%\line{ugly \hfil suburban \hfil sprawl}
%%Without \hfil you'd get an `underfull box' from this.
%|
%\produces
%\line{ugly \hfil suburban \hfil sprawl}%
%\endexample
%
%\enddesc
\begindesc
\easy\cts line {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤äº§ç”Ÿä¸€ä¸ª\minref{hbox}æ¥åŒ…å«\&lt;argument&gt;ã€‚
hboxçš„å®½åº¦å’Œå½“å‰è¡Œå®½ç›¸åŒï¼Œå³ä»Žå·¦è¾¹è·å»¶ä¼¸åˆ°å³è¾¹è·ã€‚
\example
\line{ugly \hfil suburban \hfil sprawl}
% Without \hfil you'd get an `underfull box' from this.
|
\produces
\line{ugly \hfil suburban \hfil sprawl}%
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%^^{overlapping text}
%\cts llap {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\cts rlap {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\explain
%These commands enable you to produce text that overlaps
%whatever happens to be to the left or to the right of the current
%position.  |\llap| backspaces by the width of \&lt;argument&gt; and then
%typesets \&lt;argument&gt;.  |\rlap| is similar, except that it typesets
%\&lt;argument&gt; first and then backspaces.  |\llap| and |\rlap| are useful for
%placing text outside of the current margins.
%Both |\llap| and |\rlap| do their work by creating
%a \minref{box} of zero~width.


\begindesc
^^{è¦†ç›–æ–‡ä»¶}
\cts llap {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\cts rlap {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤æŠŠæ–‡æœ¬è¦†ç›–åˆ°å½“å‰ä½ç½®çš„å·¦è¾¹æˆ–è€…å³è¾¹ã€‚|\llap|ä¼šå‘å·¦é€€\&lt;argument&gt;çš„å®½åº¦ï¼Œç„¶åŽå¼€å§‹æŽ’ç‰ˆ\&lt;argument&gt;ã€‚|\rlap|ç±»ä¼¼ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å…ˆæŽ’ç‰ˆ\&lt;argument&gt;ç„¶åŽæŠŠåŽé¢çš„å†…å®¹å‘å·¦é€€ã€‚|\llap|å’Œ|\rlap|ä¸»è¦ç”¨äºŽæŠŠæ–‡æœ¬æ”¾åœ¨çŽ°åœ¨çš„é¡µè¾¹è·ä¹‹å¤–ã€‚å®ƒä»¬çš„å·¥ä½œåŽŸç†æ˜¯åˆ›å»ºä¸€ä¸ªé›¶å®½åº¦çš„\minref{ç›’å­}ã€‚
%You can also use |\llap| or |\rlap| to construct special characters by
%^{overprinting}, but don't try it unless you're sure that the characters
%you're using have the same width (which is the case for a monospaced
%font such as ^|cmtt10|, the Computer Modern $10$-point ^{typewriter font}).
%^^{Computer Modern fonts}
%\example
%\noindent\llap{off left }\line{\vrule $\Leftarrow$
%left margin of examples\hfil right margin of examples
%$\Rightarrow$\vrule}\rlap{ off right}
%|
%\produces
%\noindent\llap{off left }\line{\vrule $\Leftarrow$
%left margin of examples\hfil right margin of examples
%$\Rightarrow$\vrule}\rlap{ off right}
%\endexample
%
%%\example
%%{\tt O\llap{!|}}
%%|
%%\produces
%%{\cm \tt O\llap{\char `|}}
%%\endexample
%
%\nobreak % don't lose the \see
%\enddesc
%
%\see |\hsize| (\xref{\hsize}).
%

|\llap|å’Œ|\rlap|å¯ä»¥è¢«ç”¨æ¥ä»¥^{å&nbsp;å°}çš„æ–¹å¼æ–°å»ºç‰¹æ®Šå­—ç¬¦ã€‚ä½†æ˜¯å¿…é¡»ç¡®ä¿ä½œåŽŸæ–™çš„å­—ç¬¦ä¸€èˆ¬å®½ï¼ˆç­‰å®½å­—ä½“å¦‚^|cmtt10|å’ŒComputer Modern $10$-pointçš„^{æ‰“å­—æœºå­—ä½“}æ˜¯è¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„ï¼‰ã€‚
^^{è®¡ç®—æœºçŽ°ä»£å­—ä½“}
\example
\noindent\llap{off left }\line{\vrule $\Leftarrow$
left margin of examples\hfil right margin of examples
$\Rightarrow$\vrule}\rlap{ off right}
|
\produces
\noindent\llap{off left }\line{\vrule $\Leftarrow$
left margin of examples\hfil right margin of examples
$\Rightarrow$\vrule}\rlap{ off right}
\endexample

%\example
%{\tt O\llap{!|}}
%|
%\produces
%{\cm \tt O\llap{\char `|}}
%\endexample

\nobreak % don't lose the \see
\enddesc

\see |\hsize| (\xref{\hsize}).

%==========================================================================
%\section {Shaping paragraphs}
\section {å¡‘æ®µ}

%\subsection {Starting, ending, and indenting paragraphs}
\subsection {æ®µè½çš„å¼€å§‹ã€ç»“æŸå’Œç¼©è¿›}

%\begindesc
%\bix^^{paragraphs//shaping}
%\ctspecial par \ctsxrdef{@par}
%\explain
%This command ends a paragraph and puts \TeX\ into \minref{vertical mode},
%ready to add more items to the page.  Since \TeX\ converts a blank line in
%your input file into a |\par| \minref{token}, you don't ordinarily need to
%type an explicit |\par| in order to end a paragraph.


\begindesc
\bix^^{æ®µè½//å¡‘é€&nbsp;æ®µè½}
\ctspecial par \ctsxrdef{@par}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ç»“æŸä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½ï¼Œå¹¶ä½¿\TeX{}è¿›å…¥\minref{ç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼}æ¥åœ¨é¡µé¢ä¸Šå¢žåŠ&nbsp;æ›´å¤šå†…å®¹ã€‚
å›&nbsp;ä¸º\TeX{}æŠŠä¸€ä¸ªç©ºè¡Œå½“ä½œ|\par|\minref{è®°å·}ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥ä¸éœ€è¦æ˜Žç¡®åœ°é”®å…¥|\par|ã€‚

%An important point is that |\par| doesn't tell
%\TeX\ to start a paragraph; it only tells \TeX\ to end a paragraph.
%\TeX\ starts a paragraph when it is in ordinary vertical mode (which it
%is after a |\par|) and encounters an inherently horizontal item such as
%a letter.  As part of its ceremony for starting a paragraph, \TeX\
%^^{paragraphs//starting}
%inserts an amount of vertical space given by the parameter |\parskip|
%(\xref{\parskip}) and indents the paragraph by a horizontal space given
%by |\parindent| (\xref{\parindent}).


å¿…é¡»æŒ‡å‡º|\par|ä¸ä¼šè®©\TeX{}å¼€å§‹æ–°çš„ä¸€æ®µï¼›å®ƒä»…ä»…å‘Šè¯‰\TeX{}åŽ»ç»“æŸä¸€æ®µã€‚
è¦ä½¿\TeX{}å¼€å§‹æ–°æ®µè½ï¼Œéœ€è¦å¤„äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ä¹‹ä¸‹ï¼ˆåœ¨|\par|ä¹‹åŽå·²ç»æ˜¯äº†ï¼‰ï¼Œå¹¶é‡åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªæ°´å¹³é¡¹ç›®æ¯”å¦‚ä¸€ä¸ªå­—æ¯ã€‚ä¸ºäº†å¼€å§‹æ–°æ®µè½ï¼Œ\TeX{}
^^{æ®µè½//å¼€å§‹æ®µè½}
å°†æ’å…¥ä¸€äº›ç«–ç›´ç©ºç™½ï¼Œå–å†³äºŽ|\parskip|
(\xref{\parskip})ï¼›æ–°æ®µè½ç¼©è¿›ï¼Œå–å†³äºŽ|\parindent| (\xref{\parindent})ã€‚

%You can usually cancel any interparagraph space produced by a |\par| by giving
%the command |\vskip -\lastskip|.  It can often
%be helpful to do this when you're writing a \minref{macro} that is
%supposed to work the same way whether or not it is preceded by a blank
%line.


è¦æƒ³å‡å°æ®µè½é—´|\par|äº§ç”Ÿçš„ç©ºç™½ï¼Œé€šå¸¸å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨å‘½ä»¤|\vskip -\lastskip|ã€‚å½“ä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦å†™ä¸€ä¸ª\minref{å®}è€Œè®©å®ƒä¸Žå‰é¢æ˜¯ä¸æ˜¯ç©ºè¡Œæ—&nbsp;å…³çš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å°±æœ‰ç”¨ã€‚
%You can get \TeX\ to take some special action at the start of each paragraph
%by placing the instructions in ^|\everypar| (\xref\everypar).
%
%See \knuth{pages~283 and 286} for the precise effect of |\par|.
%
%\example
%\parindent = 2em
%``Can you row?'' the Sheep asked, handing Alice a pair of
%knitting-needles as she was speaking.\par ``Yes, a little%
%---but not on land---and not with needles---'' Alice was
%starting to say, when suddenly the needles turned into oars.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent = 2em
%``Can you row?'' the Sheep asked, handing Alice a pair of
%knitting-needles as she was speaking.\par ``Yes, a little%
%---but not on land---and not with needles---'' Alice was
%starting to say, when suddenly the needles turned into oars.
%\endexample
%\enddesc


ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨^|\everypar| (\xref\everypar)æ¥è®©\TeX{}åœ¨æ¯å¼€å§‹ä¸€ä¸ªæ–°æ®µè½çš„æ—¶å€™åšä¸€äº›äº‹.

|\par|çš„å…·ä½“æ•ˆæžœè¯·å‚é˜…\knuth{pages~283 and 286}ã€‚

\example
\parindent = 2em
``Can you row?'' the Sheep asked, handing Alice a pair of
knitting-needles as she was speaking.\par ``Yes, a little%
---but not on land---and not with needles---'' Alice was
starting to say, when suddenly the needles turned into oars.
|
\produces
\parindent = 2em
``Can you row?'' the Sheep asked, handing Alice a pair of
knitting-needles as she was speaking.\par ``Yes, a little%
---but not on land---and not with needles---'' Alice was
starting to say, when suddenly the needles turned into oars.
\endexample
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts endgraf {}
%\explain
%This command is a synonym for the ^|\par| primitive command.
%It is useful when you've redefined ^|\par| but still want access to the
%original definition of |\par|.
%\enddesc


\begindesc
\cts endgraf {}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ä¸Ž^|\par|åŒä¹‰ã€‚æœ‰æ—¶å€™ä½&nbsp;é‡æ–°å®šä¹‰äº†^|\par|ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯åˆæƒ³å–å¾—|\par|çš„åŽŸå§‹å®šä¹‰ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å°±ä¼šæœ‰ç”¨ã€‚
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts parfillskip {\param{glue}}
%\explain
%^^{paragraphs//glue at end of}
%This parameter specifies the horizontal glue that
%\TeX\ inserts at the end of a paragraph.
%The default value of |\parfillskip| is |0pt plus 1fil|,
%which causes the last line of a paragraph to be
%filled out with blank space.  A value of |0pt| forces
%\TeX\ to end the last line of a paragraph at the right margin.
%\enddesc


\begindesc
\cts parfillskip {\param{glue}}
\explain
^^{æ®µè½//æ®µè½æœ«å°¾çš„ç²˜è¿ž}
è¿™ä¸ªå‚æ•°è®¾å®š\TeX{}æ’å…¥æ®µè½æœ«å°¾çš„æ°´å¹³ç²˜è¿žã€‚
é»˜è®¤å€¼æ˜¯|0pt plus 1fil|ï¼Œè¿™ä½¿å¾—æœ€åŽä¸€è¡Œè¢«ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼å¡«æ»¡ã€‚å¦‚æžœè®¾æˆ|0pt|ï¼Œ
\TeX{}å°±ä¼šæŠŠæ®µè½çš„æœ€åŽä¸€è¡Œæ‹‰ä¼¸åˆ°å³è¾¹è·ã€‚
\enddesc
%\bix^^{indentation}
%\begindesc
%\easy\cts indent {}
%\explain
%If \TeX\ is in vertical mode, as it is after ending a paragraph,
%this command inserts the ^|\parskip| interparagraph glue,
%puts \TeX\ into horizontal mode, starts a paragraph, and
%indents that paragraph by |\parindent|.
%If \TeX\ is already in horizontal mode, this command merely produces
%a blank space of width |\parindent|.
%Two |\indent|s in a row
%produce two indentations.
%^^{indentation}


\bix^^{ç¼©è¿›}
\begindesc
\easy\cts indent {}
\explain
å½“\TeX{}å¤„äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼æ—¶ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚æ®µè½ç»“æŸä»¥åŽï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤æ’å…¥æ®µè½é—´ç²˜è¿ž^|\parskip|ï¼Œä½¿\TeX{}è¿›å…¥æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ï¼Œå¼€å§‹æ–°çš„ä¸€æ®µï¼Œå¹¶ç¼©è¿›|\parindent|å¤§å°ã€‚
å¦‚æžœ\TeX{}å·²ç»å¤„äºŽæ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼äº†ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å°±åªåšç¼©è¿›ã€‚
ä¸€è¡Œä¸­ä¸¤ä¸ª|\indent|äº§ç”Ÿä¸¤ä¸ªç¼©è¿›ã€‚
^^{ç¼©è¿›}
%As the example below shows, an |\indent| at a point where \TeX\
%would start a paragraph anyway is redundant.
%When \TeX\ is in vertical mode and sees a letter or some other
%inherently horizontal command, it starts a paragraph by
%switching to horizontal mode,
%doing an |\indent|, and processing the horizontal command.
%
%\example
%\parindent = 2em  This is the first in a series of three
%paragraphs that show how you can control indentation. Note
%that it has the same indentation as the next paragraph.\par
%\indent This is the second in a series of three paragraphs.
%It has \indent an embedded indentation.\par
%\indent\indent This doubly indented paragraph
%is the third in the series.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent = 2em  This is the first in a series of three
%paragraphs that show how you can control indentation. Note
%that it has the same indentation as the next paragraph.\par
%\indent This is the second in a series of three paragraphs.
%It has \indent an embedded indentation.\par
%\indent\indent This doubly indented paragraph
%is the third in the series.
%\endexample
%\enddesc


å¦‚ä¸‹é¢çš„ä¾‹å­æ‰€ç¤ºï¼Œæ–°çš„æ®µè½å¼€å§‹ä¹‹åŽçš„|\indent|æ˜¯å¤šä½™çš„ã€‚
å½“\TeX{}å¤„åœ¨ç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ä¸‹ï¼Œé‡åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªå­—æ¯æˆ–å…¶ä»–æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ä¸­çš„å‘½ä»¤æ—¶ï¼Œå°±ä¼šåˆ‡æ¢åˆ°æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ç¼©è¿›|\indent|ï¼Œç„¶åŽç»§ç»­ã€‚

\example
\parindent = 2em  This is the first in a series of three
paragraphs that show how you can control indentation. Note
that it has the same indentation as the next paragraph.\par
\indent This is the second in a series of three paragraphs.
It has \indent an embedded indentation.\par
\indent\indent This doubly indented paragraph
is the third in the series.
|
\produces
\parindent = 2em  This is the first in a series of three
paragraphs that show how you can control indentation. Note
that it has the same indentation as the next paragraph.\par
\indent This is the second in a series of three paragraphs.
It has \indent an embedded indentation.\par
\indent\indent This doubly indented paragraph
is the third in the series.
\endexample
\enddesc

%
%\begindesc
%\easy\cts noindent {}
%\explain
%If \TeX\ is in vertical mode, as it is after ending a paragraph,
%this command inserts the ^|\parskip| interparagraph glue,
%puts \TeX\ into horizontal mode, and starts an unindented paragraph.
%It has no effect in horizontal mode, i.e., within a paragraph.
%Starting a paragraph with |\noindent| thus cancels
%the indentation by |\parindent|
%that would normally occur there.
%^^{indentation}
%

\begindesc
\easy\cts noindent {}
\explain
å½“\TeX{}ç»“æŸä¸€æ®µåŽå¤„äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼æ—¶ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤æ’å…¥æ®µè½é—´ç²˜è¿ž ^|\parskip|ï¼Œ
ä½¿\TeX{}è¿›å…¥æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ï¼Œç„¶åŽå¼€å§‹æ–°æ®µï¼Œä¸è¦ç¼©è¿›ã€‚
åœ¨æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚æ®µè½ä¸­ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤æ²¡æœ‰æ•ˆæžœã€‚
|\noindent|å¼€å§‹çš„æ–°æ®µä¼šå–æ¶ˆé€šå¸¸çš„|\parindent|ç¼©è¿›ã€‚
^^{ç¼©è¿›}
%A common use of |\noindent| is to cancel the indentation of
%the first line of a
%paragraph when the paragraph follows some displayed material.
%
%\example
%\parindent = 1em
%Tied round the neck of the bottle was a label with the
%words \smallskip \centerline{EAT ME}\smallskip
%\noindent beautifully printed on it in large letters.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent = 1em
%Tied round the neck of the bottle was a label with the
%words \smallskip \centerline{EAT ME}\smallskip
%\noindent beautifully printed on it in large letters.
%\endexample
%\enddesc


å½“æ–°çš„æ®µè½æ˜¯åœ¨æŸäº›ç‹¬ç«‹æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„å†…å®¹ä¹‹åŽå‡ºçŽ°æ—¶ï¼Œ|\noindent|é€šå¸¸ç”¨äºŽå–æ¶ˆæ®µè½ç¬¬ä¸€è¡Œçš„ç¼©è¿›ã€‚

\example
\parindent = 1em
Tied round the neck of the bottle was a label with the
words \smallskip \centerline{EAT ME}\smallskip
\noindent beautifully printed on it in large letters.
|
\produces
\parindent = 1em
Tied round the neck of the bottle was a label with the
words \smallskip \centerline{EAT ME}\smallskip
\noindent beautifully printed on it in large letters.
\endexample
\enddesc
%\margin{{\tt\\textindent} moved here from later in the section.}
%\begindesc
%\cts textindent {\&lt;argument&gt;}
%\explain
%^^{indentation}
%This command tells \TeX\ to start a paragraph and indent it by
%|\par!-indent|,
%as usual.
%\TeX\ then right-justifies \&lt;argument&gt; within the indentation
%and
%follows it with an en space (half an em).
%\PlainTeX\ uses this command to typeset footnotes (\xref\footnote)
%^^{footnotes//using \b\tt\\textindent\e\ with}
%and items in lists (see |\item|, \xref\item).
%
%\example
%\parindent = 20pt \textindent{\raise 1pt\hbox{$\bullet$}}%
%You are allowed to use bullets in \TeX\ even if
%you don't join the militia, and many peace-loving
%typographers do so.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent = 20pt \textindent{\raise 1pt\hbox{$\bullet$}}%
%You are allowed to use bullets in \TeX\ even if
%you don't join the militia, and many peace-loving
%typographers do so.
%\endexample\enddesc


\margin{{\tt\\textindent} ä»Žæ­¤èŠ‚çš„åŽé¢ç§»åˆ°è¿™é‡Œ}
\begindesc
\cts textindent {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\explain
^^{ç¼©è¿›}
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤è®©\TeX\ å¼€å§‹æ–°æ®µï¼Œæ­£å¸¸ç¼©è¿›|\par!-indent|ã€‚
ç„¶åŽ\TeX\ åœ¨ç¼©è¿›çš„åœ°æ–¹å‘å³å¯¹é½æŽ’ç‰ˆ\&lt;argument&gt;å¹¶åŠ&nbsp;å…¥ä¸€ä¸ªenå¤§å°çš„ç©ºç™½ï¼ˆemçš„ä¸€åŠï¼‰ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ ä½¿ç”¨è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤æ¥æŽ’ç‰ˆè„šæ³¨ï¼ˆ\xref\footnote ï¼‰
^^{è„šæ³¨//åœ¨è„šæ³¨ä¸­ç”¨ \b\tt\\textindent\e}
ä»¥åŠåˆ—è¡¨é¡¹ï¼ˆè§ |\item|ï¼Œ\xref\item ï¼‰ã€‚

\example
\parindent = 20pt \textindent{\raise 1pt\hbox{$\bullet$}}%
You are allowed to use bullets in \TeX\ even if
you don't join the militia, and many peace-loving
typographers do so.
|
\produces
\parindent = 20pt \textindent{\raise 1pt\hbox{$\bullet$}}%
You are allowed to use bullets in \TeX\ even if
you don't join the militia, and many peace-loving
typographers do so.
\endexample\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts parindent {\param{dimen}}
%\explain
%This \minref{parameter} specifies the amount by which
%the first line of each paragraph is to be indented. ^^{indentation}
%As the example below shows, it's a bad idea to set both |\parindent|
%and ^|\parskip| to zero since then the paragraph breaks are
%no longer apparent.
%\example
%\parindent = 2em This paragraph is indented by 2 ems.
%\par \parindent=0pt This paragraph is not indented at all.
%\par Since we haven't reset the paragraph indentation,
%this paragraph isn't indented either.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent = 2em This paragraph is indented by 2 ems.
%\par \parindent=0pt This paragraph is not indented at all.
%\par Since we haven't reset the paragraph indentation,
%this paragraph isn't indented either.
%\endexample\enddesc


\begindesc
\cts parindent {\param{dimen}}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ª\minref{å‚æ•°}è®¾å®šæ®µè½ç¬¬ä¸€è¡Œç¼©è¿›çš„å¤§å°ã€‚^^{ç¼©è¿›}
å¦‚ä¸‹é¢çš„ä¾‹å­æ‰€ç¤ºï¼Œæœ€å¥½ä¸è¦åŒæ—¶ä½¿|\parindent|å’Œ^|\parskip|ä¸ºé›¶ï¼Œå¦åˆ™ä¸¤æ®µçš„åŒºåˆ«å°±ä¸æ˜Žæ˜¾äº†ã€‚
\example
\parindent = 2em This paragraph is indented by 2 ems.
\par \parindent=0pt This paragraph is not indented at all.
\par Since we haven't reset the paragraph indentation,
this paragraph isn't indented either.
|
\produces
\parindent = 2em This paragraph is indented by 2 ems.
\par \parindent=0pt This paragraph is not indented at all.
\par Since we haven't reset the paragraph indentation,
this paragraph isn't indented either.
\endexample\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts everypar {\param{token list}}
%\explain
%\TeX\ performs the commands in \&lt;token list&gt; whenever it
%enters horizontal mode, e.g., when it starts a paragraph.
%By default |\everypar| is empty, but you can
%take extra actions at the start of every paragraph by putting
%the commands for those actions into a token list
%%
%% This \vglue makes the example overwrite the example, but since we are
%% not reprinting this page, it doesn't matter.  For reasons I did not
%% attempt to track down, a page break happened before the example,
%% unlike in the first printing.
%%
%\secondprinting{\vglue-48pt}
%and assigning that token list to |\everypar|.
%\example
%\everypar = {$\Longrightarrow$\enspace}
%Now pay attention!!\par
%I said, ``Pay attention!!''.\par
%I'll say it again!! Pay attention!!
%|
%\produces
%\everypar = {$\Longrightarrow$\enspace}
%Now pay attention!\par
%I said, ``Pay attention!''.\par
%I'll say it again! Pay attention!
%\endexample
%\enddesc
%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}


\begindesc
\cts everypar {\param{token list}}
\explain
\TeX{}å¤„äºŽæ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ä¸‹ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚æ–°æ®µå¼€å§‹çš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œå°±ä¼šåœ¨\&lt;è®°å·åˆ—è¡¨&gt;ä¸­æ‰§è¡Œè¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ã€‚é»˜è®¤çš„|\everypar|ä¸ºç©ºï¼Œä½†æ˜¯ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥æ·»åŠ&nbsp;ä¸€äº›å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œæ¯ä¸€æ®µå¼€å§‹çš„æ—¶å€™åœ¨è®°å·åˆ—è¡¨ä¸­æ‰§è¡Œ
%
% This \vglue makes the example overwrite the example, but since we are
% not reprinting this page, it doesn't matter.  For reasons I did not
% attempt to track down, a page break happened before the example,
% unlike in the first printing.
%
%%\secondprinting{\vglue-48pt}
å¹¶ä¸º|\everypar|åˆ†é…è®°å·åˆ—è¡¨ã€‚
\example
\everypar = {$\Longrightarrow$\enspace}
Now pay attention!!\par
I said, ``Pay attention!!''.\par
I'll say it again!! Pay attention!!
|
\produces
\everypar = {$\Longrightarrow$\enspace}
Now pay attention!\par
I said, ``Pay attention!''.\par
I'll say it again! Pay attention!
\endexample
\enddesc
%%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Shaping entire paragraphs}
\subsection {å½¢æˆæ®µè½}

%\begindesc
%\margin{This command was also described in the `Pages' chapter. The
%description here now combines the two earlier descriptions.}
%\bix^^{line breaks//and paragraph shape}
%\easy\cts hsize {\param{dimen}}
%\explain
%This \minref{parameter} specifies the current ^{line length},
%i.e., the usual width of lines in a paragraph
%starting at the left margin.
%A great many \TeX\ commands, e.g., |\centerline| (\xref{\centerline})
%and |\hrule| (\xref{\hrule}), implicitly use the value of
%|\hsize|.  By changing |\hsize| within a group
%you can change the width of the constructs produced by such commands.


\begindesc
\margin{è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤åœ¨â€œé¡µé¢â€ä¸€ç«&nbsp;ä¹Ÿæœ‰æ¶‰åŠã€‚æ­¤å¤„è®²è§£ç»“åˆäº†å‰é¢ä¸¤ä¸ªåœ°æ–¹çš„å†…å®¹ã€‚}
\bix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//æ–­è¡Œä¸Žæ®µè½å½¢çŠ¶}
\easy\cts hsize {\param{dimen}}
\explain
è¿™ä¸ª\minref{å‚æ•°}è®¾å®šå½“å‰çš„^{è¡Œå®½}ï¼Œå³ä»Žå·¦è¾¹è·å¼€å§‹ç®—èµ·ï¼Œæ®µè½é‡Œä¸€è¡Œçš„å®½åº¦ã€‚
å¾ˆå¤š\TeX{}å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚|\centerline| (\xref{\centerline})å’Œ|\hrule| (\xref{\hrule})ï¼Œéƒ½é—´æŽ¥ä½¿ç”¨äº†|\hsize|çš„å€¼ã€‚æ”¹å˜|\hsize|çš„å€¼ï¼Œå°±ç›¸åº”åœ°æ”¹å˜äº†è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤çš„å®½åº¦æ•ˆæžœã€‚
%If you
%set |\hsize| within a \minref{vbox} that contains text, the vbox will
%have whatever width you've given to |\hsize|.
%^^{vboxes//width determined by \b\tt\\hsize\e}
%
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\hsize| to |6.5in|.
%
%\example
%{\hsize = 3.5in % Set this paragraph 3.5 inches wide.
%The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog,
%which seemed to Alice an excellent opportunity for
%croqueting one of them with the other.\par}%
%|
%\produces
%{\hsize = 3.5in
%The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog,
%which seemed to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting
%one of them with the other.\par}%


å¦‚æžœ|\hsize|çš„å˜åŒ–å‘ç”Ÿåœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªéžç©ºçš„\minref{ç«–ç›´ç›’å­}é‡Œï¼Œç›’å­çš„å®½åº¦å°±æ˜¯ç»™å®šçš„|\hsize|ã€‚
^^{ç«–ç›´ç›’å­//ç”± \b\tt\\hsize\e ç¡®å®šå®½åº¦}

\PlainTeX{}é»˜è®¤|\hsize|ä¸º|6.5in|ã€‚

\example
{\hsize = 3.5in % Set this paragraph 3.5 inches wide.
The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog,
which seemed to Alice an excellent opportunity for
croqueting one of them with the other.\par}%
|
\produces
{\hsize = 3.5in
The hedgehog was engaged in a fight with another hedgehog,
which seemed to Alice an excellent opportunity for croqueting
one of them with the other.\par}%

%\doruler{\8\8\8\tick\1\tick\2\tick\1\tick\3}{3.5}{in}
%\nextexample
%\leftline{\raggedright\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in
%Here is some text that we put into a paragraph that is
%an inch and a half wide.}\qquad
%\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in Here is some more text that
%we put into another paragraph that is an inch and a
%half wide.}}
%|
%\produces
%\leftline{\raggedright\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in
%Here is some text that we put into a paragraph that is
%an inch and a half wide.}\qquad
%\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in Here is some more text that
%we put into another paragraph that is an inch and a
%half wide.}}
%\endexample
%\enddesc


\doruler{\8\8\8\tick\1\tick\2\tick\1\tick\3}{3.5}{in}
\nextexample
\leftline{\raggedright\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in
Here is some text that we put into a paragraph that is
an inch and a half wide.}\qquad
\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in Here is some more text that
we put into another paragraph that is an inch and a
half wide.}}
|
\produces
\leftline{\raggedright\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in
Here is some text that we put into a paragraph that is
an inch and a half wide.}\qquad
\vtop{\hsize = 1.5in Here is some more text that
we put into another paragraph that is an inch and a
half wide.}}
\endexample
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\easy\cts narrower {}
%\explain
%^^{paragraphs//narrow}
%This command makes paragraphs narrower, increasing the left and right
%margins by |\parindent|, the
%current paragraph ^{indentation}.
%It achieves this by increasing
%both |\leftskip| and |\rightskip| by |\parindent|.
%Normally you place |\narrower| at the
%beginning of a \minref{group} containing the paragraphs that you want to
%make narrower.  If you forget to enclose |\narrower| within a group,
%you'll find that all the rest of your document will have narrow
%paragraphs.
\begindesc
\easy\cts narrower {}
\explain
^^{æ®µè½//çª„æ®µè½}
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤äº§ç”Ÿè¾ƒçª„çš„æ®µè½ï¼Œå·¦å³è¾¹è·å°†ä¼šå¢žåŠ&nbsp; |\parindent|ï¼ˆå³å½“å‰æ®µè½^{ç¼©è¿›}çš„å¤§å°ï¼‰ï¼Œ
åŽŸå›&nbsp;æ˜¯|\leftskip|å’Œ|\rightskip|åˆ†åˆ«å¢žåŠ&nbsp;äº†|\parindent|ã€‚
é€šå¸¸|\narrower|è¢«æ”¾åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ª\minref{ç¼–ç»„}çš„å¼€å§‹ï¼Œä½œç”¨äºŽå…¶ä¸­çš„æ®µè½ä¸Šã€‚
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;å¿˜è®°æŠŠ|\narrower|å°é—­åœ¨ç¼–ç»„é‡Œï¼Œå°±ä¼šå‘çŽ°æ–‡æ¡£æ‰€ä½™éƒ¨åˆ†å…¨éƒ½å˜çª„äº†ã€‚

%|\narrower| affects just those paragraphs that end after you invoke it.
%If you end a |\narrower| group before you've ended
%a paragraph, \TeX\ won't make that paragraph narrower.
%
%\example
%{\parindent = 12pt \narrower\narrower\narrower
%This is a short paragraph. Its margins are indented
%three times as much as they would be
%had we used just one ``narrower'' command.\par}
%|
%\produces
%{\parindent = 12pt \narrower\narrower\narrower
%This is a short paragraph. Its margins are indented
%three times as much as they would be
%had we used just one ``narrower'' command.\par}
%\endexample\enddesc


|\narrower|åªå½±å“å…¶åŽçš„æ®µè½ã€‚å¦‚æžœåŒ…å«|\narrower|çš„ç¼–ç»„åœ¨æ®µè½æœ«å°¾ä¹‹å‰ç»“æŸï¼Œ\TeX{}å°†ä¸ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿçª„çš„æ®µè½ã€‚

\example
{\parindent = 12pt \narrower\narrower\narrower
This is a short paragraph. Its margins are indented
three times as much as they would be
had we used just one ``narrower'' command.\par}
|
\produces
{\parindent = 12pt \narrower\narrower\narrower
This is a short paragraph. Its margins are indented
three times as much as they would be
had we used just one ``narrower'' command.\par}
\endexample\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\cts leftskip {\param{glue}}
%\cts rightskip {\param{glue}}
%\explain
%These parameters tell \TeX\ how much glue to place
%at the left and at the right end of each line of the current
%paragraph.  We'll just explain how |\leftskip| works since |\rightskip|
%is analogous.
%
%^^{indentation} You can increase the left margin by setting |\leftskip|
%to a fixed nonzero \minref{dimension}.  If you give |\leftskip| some
%stretch, you can produce ^{ragged left} text, i.e.,
%text that has an uneven left margin.
%
%Ordinarily, you should enclose any \minref{assignment} to |\leftskip|
%in a \minref{group} together with the affected text
%in order to keep its effect from continuing to
%the end of your document.  However, it's pointless to change
%|\leftskip|'s value inside a group that is in turn
%contained within a paragraph---the value of |\leftskip| at the
%\emph{end} of a paragraph
%is what determines how \TeX\ breaks the paragraph into lines.  \minrefs{line
%break}
%
%\example
%{\leftskip = 1in The White Rabbit trotted slowly back
%again, looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had
%lost something.  {\leftskip = 10in % has no effect
%It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess!! The Duchess!! She'll
%get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!!''}\par}%
%|
%\produces
%{\leftskip = 1in The White Rabbit trotted slowly back
%again, looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had
%lost something.  {\leftskip = 10in % has no effect
%It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess! The Duchess!
%She'll get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!''}\par}%
%\nextexample
%\pretolerance = 10000 % Don't hyphenate.
%\rightskip = .5in plus 2em
%The White Rabbit trotted slowly back again, looking
%anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something.
%It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess!! The Duchess!! She'll
%get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!!''
%|
%\produces
%\pretolerance = 10000 % Don't hyphenate.
%\rightskip = .5in plus 2em
%The White Rabbit trotted slowly back again, looking
%anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something.
%It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess! The Duchess! She'll
%get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!''
%\endexample
%\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts leftskip {\param{glue}}
\cts rightskip {\param{glue}}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‚æ•°å‘Šè¯‰\TeX{}åœ¨å½“å‰æ®µè½æ¯ä¸€è¡Œçš„å·¦å³å„æ”¾å¤šå¤§çš„ç©ºç™½ã€‚æˆ‘ä»¬å°†åªè§£é‡Š|\leftskip|ï¼Œå›&nbsp;ä¸º|\rightskip|ä¸Žå…¶ç±»ä¼¼ã€‚

^^{ç¼©è¿›} ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡è®¾ç½®|\leftskip|ä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªå›ºå®šçš„éžé›¶\minref{å°ºå¯¸}æ¥å¢žåŠ&nbsp;å·¦è¾¹è·ã€‚
å¦‚æžœ|\leftskip|æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç²˜è¿žï¼Œå°±ä¼šå¾—åˆ°^{å³å¯¹é½}çš„å†…å®¹ï¼Œå³å·¦è¾¹è·å‚å·®ä¸é½ã€‚

é€šå¸¸ï¼Œä½&nbsp;åº”è¯¥åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ª\minref{ç¼–ç»„}é‡Œä¸º|\leftskip|\minref{èµ‹å€¼}ï¼Œæ¥é¿å…å½±å“å…¶ä½™çš„æ–‡æ¡£éƒ¨åˆ†ã€‚å¯æ˜¯åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½å†…çš„ç¼–ç»„é‡Œæ”¹å˜|\leftskip|çš„å€¼æ˜¯æ—&nbsp;æ„ä¹‰çš„---åªæœ‰æ®µè½\emph{æœ«å°¾}å¤„|\leftskip|çš„å€¼æ‰ä¼šè¢«\TeX{}ç”¨æ¥æ‹†æ®µæˆè¡Œã€‚\minrefs{line
break}

\example
{\leftskip = 1in The White Rabbit trotted slowly back
again, looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had
lost something.  {\leftskip = 10in % has no effect
It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess!! The Duchess!! She'll
get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!!''}\par}%
|
\produces
{\leftskip = 1in The White Rabbit trotted slowly back
again, looking anxiously about as it went, as if it had
lost something.  {\leftskip = 10in % has no effect
It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess! The Duchess!
She'll get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!''}\par}%
\nextexample
\pretolerance = 10000 % Don't hyphenate.
\rightskip = .5in plus 2em
The White Rabbit trotted slowly back again, looking
anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something.
It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess!! The Duchess!! She'll
get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!!''
|
\produces
\pretolerance = 10000 % Don't hyphenate.
\rightskip = .5in plus 2em
The White Rabbit trotted slowly back again, looking
anxiously about as it went, as if it had lost something.
It muttered to itself, ``The Duchess! The Duchess! She'll
get me executed as sure as ferrets are ferrets!''
\endexample
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\easy\cts raggedright {}
%\cts ttraggedright {}
%\explain
%These commands cause \TeX\ to typeset your document
%``^{ragged right}''.  Interword spaces all
%have their natural size, i.e., they all have the same width and
%don't stretch or shrink.
%Consequently the right margin is generally not even.
%The alternative, which is \TeX's default, is to typeset your document
%justified,
%^^{justification}
%i.e., with uniform left and right margins.
%In justified text, interword spaces are stretched in order to
%make the right margin even.
%Some typographers prefer ragged right because
%it avoids distracting ``rivers'' of white space on the printed page.
%\minrefs{justified text}


\begindesc
\easy\cts raggedright {}
\cts ttraggedright {}
\explain
è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤è®©\TeX{}ä»¥â€œ^{å·¦å¯¹é½}â€çš„æ–¹å¼æŽ’ç‰ˆæ–‡æ¡£ï¼Œå…¶ä¸­å•è¯é—´è·ä¿æŒæ­£å¸¸ï¼Œå³é—´è·ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ï¼Œä¸éœ€ä¼¸ç¼©ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤å³è¾¹è·æ˜¯ä¸å‡åŒ€çš„ã€‚è€Œ \TeX\ é»˜è®¤çš„åˆ™æ˜¯å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½ ^^{å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½}ï¼Œå³å·¦å³è¾¹è·ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½çš„æ–‡æœ¬å•è¯é—´è·å°†ä¼šæœ‰ä¼¸ç¼©ä»¥äº§ç”Ÿå‡åŒ€çš„å³è¾¹è·ã€‚æœ‰äº›æŽ’ç‰ˆè€…åå¥½ä½¿ç”¨å·¦å¯¹é½ã€‚
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå·¦å¯¹é½é¿å…äº†é¡µé¢ä¸Šçš„ç©ºç™½å‚å·®ä¸é½ã€‚
\minrefs{å‡åŒ€å¯¹é½çš„æ–‡æœ¬}
%You should use the |\ttraggedright| command when typesetting text in a
%monospaced font and the |\raggedright| command when typesetting text in any
%other font.
%
%Most of the time you'll want to apply these commands to an entire document,
%but you can limit their effects by enclosing them
%in a \minref{group}.
%\example
%\raggedright ``You couldn't have it if you {\it did\/}
%want it,'' the Queen said. ``The rule is, jam tomorrow
%and jam yesterday---but never jam {\it today\/}.''
%``It {\it must\/} come sometimes to `jam today,%
%thinspace'' Alice objected. ``No, it can't'', said the
%Queen. ``It's jam every {\it other\/} day: today isn't
%any {\it other\/} day.''
%|
%\produces
%\raggedright ``You couldn't have it if you {\it did\/}
%want it,'' the Queen said. ``The rule is, jam tomorrow
%and jam yesterday---but never jam {\it today\/}.''
%``It {\it must\/} come sometimes to `jam today,%
%'\thinspace'' Alice objected. ``No, it can't'', said the
%Queen. ``It's jam every {\it other\/} day: today isn't
%any {\it other\/} day.''
%\endexample
%\enddesc
%

å½“ä½¿ç”¨ç­‰å®½å­—ä½“æŽ’ç‰ˆçš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦ç”¨|\ttraggedright|å‘½ä»¤ï¼›è€Œä½¿ç”¨å…¶ä»–å­—ä½“æ—¶ï¼Œéœ€è¦ç”¨|\raggedright|å‘½ä»¤ã€‚

é€šå¸¸ä½&nbsp;ä¼šå¸Œæœ›å¯¹æ•´ç¯‡æ–‡æ¡£ä½¿ç”¨è¿™äº›å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯é€šè¿‡\minref{ç¼–ç»„}å°±å¯ä»¥æŠŠæ•ˆæžœå±€é™åœ¨éƒ¨åˆ†æ–‡æœ¬ä¸­ã€‚
\example
\raggedright ``You couldn't have it if you {\it did\/}
want it,'' the Queen said. ``The rule is, jam tomorrow
and jam yesterday---but never jam {\it today\/}.''
``It {\it must\/} come sometimes to `jam today,%
thinspace'' Alice objected. ``No, it can't'', said the
Queen. ``It's jam every {\it other\/} day: today isn't
any {\it other\/} day.''
|
\produces
\raggedright ``You couldn't have it if you {\it did\/}
want it,'' the Queen said. ``The rule is, jam tomorrow
and jam yesterday---but never jam {\it today\/}.''
``It {\it must\/} come sometimes to `jam today,%
'\thinspace'' Alice objected. ``No, it can't'', said the
Queen. ``It's jam every {\it other\/} day: today isn't
any {\it other\/} day.''
\endexample
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts hang {}
%\explain
%This command indents the second and subsequent lines of a paragraph
%by |\parindent|, the paragraph ^{indentation}
%(\xref{\parindent}).
%Since the first line is already indented by |\parindent|
%(unless you've cancelled the indentation with |\noindent|), the
%entire paragraph appears to be indented by |\parindent|.
%
%\example
%\parindent=24pt \hang  ``I said you {\it looked} like an
%egg, Sir,'' Alice gently explained to Humpty Dumpty. ``And
%some eggs are very pretty, you know,'' she added.
%|
%\produces
%\parindent=24pt \hang  ``I said you {\it looked} like an
%egg, Sir,'' Alice gently explained to Humpty Dumpty. ``And
%some eggs are very pretty, you know,'' she added.
%\endexample
%\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts hang {}
\explain
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä½¿æ®µè½ç¬¬äºŒè¡Œå¼€å§‹å„è¡Œä¹Ÿç¼©è¿› |\parindent| å¤§å°ï¼ˆ\xref{\parindent}ï¼‰ã€‚
å›&nbsp;ä¸ºç¬¬ä¸€è¡Œå·²ç»ç¼©è¿›äº† |\parindent|ï¼ˆé™¤éžä½&nbsp;ä½¿ç”¨ |\noindent| å–æ¶ˆäº†ç¼©è¿›ï¼‰ï¼Œ
æ‰€ä»¥æ•´ä¸ªæ®µè½å‘ˆçŽ°æ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›ã€‚

\example
\parindent=24pt \hang  ``I said you {\it looked} like an
egg, Sir,'' Alice gently explained to Humpty Dumpty. ``And
some eggs are very pretty, you know,'' she added.
|
\produces
\parindent=24pt \hang  ``I said you {\it looked} like an
egg, Sir,'' Alice gently explained to Humpty Dumpty. ``And
some eggs are very pretty, you know,'' she added.
\endexample
\enddesc
%\begindesc
%\cts hangafter {\param{number}}
%\cts hangindent {\param{dimen}}
%
%\explain
%These two \minref{parameter}s jointly
%specify  ``^{hanging indentation}'' for a paragraph.
%The hanging indentation indicates to \TeX\ that certain lines
%of the paragraph should
%be indented and the remaining lines should have their normal width.
%^^{indentation}
%|\hangafter| determines which lines
%are indented, while |\hangindent| determines the amount of indentation
%and whether it occurs on the left or on the right:


\begindesc
\cts hangafter {\param{number}}
\cts hangindent {\param{dimen}}

\explain
è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ª\minref{å‚æ•°}ä¸€èµ·å†³å®šæ®µè½çš„â€œ^{æ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›}â€ã€‚æ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›ä½¿\TeX{}äº§ç”ŸæŸäº›è¡Œç¼©è¿›è€Œå…¶ä»–è¡Œä¾ç„¶æ­£å¸¸çš„æ•ˆæžœã€‚
^^{ç¼©è¿›}
|\hangafter|å†³å®šå“ªäº›è¡Œå°†è¢«ç¼©è¿›ï¼›|\hangindent|å†³å®šç¼©è¿›çš„å¤§å°ä»¥åŠä½ç½®æ˜¯å·¦è¾¹è¿˜æ˜¯å³è¾¹ï¼š
%\ulist
%\li Let $n$ be the value of |\hangafter|.  If $n &lt; 0$,
%the first $-n$ lines of the paragraph will be indented.
%If $n\ge0$, all but the first $n$ lines of the paragraph will be
%indented.
%
%\li Let $x$ be the value of |\hangindent|.
%If $x\ge0$, the lines will be indented
%by $x$ on the left. If $x&lt;0$ the lines will be indented by $-x$ on
%the right.
%\endulist


\ulist
\li è®¾|\hangafter|çš„å€¼ä¸º$n$ã€‚å¦‚æžœ$n &lt; 0$ï¼Œ
å¼€å§‹çš„$-n$è¡Œå°†è¢«ç¼©è¿›ã€‚å¦‚æžœ$n\ge0$ï¼Œé™¤å¼€å§‹çš„$n$è¡Œä»¥å¤–çš„å„è¡Œå°†è¢«ç¼©è¿›ã€‚

\li è®¾|\hangindent|çš„å€¼ä¸º$x$ã€‚å¦‚æžœ$x\ge0$ï¼Œå·¦è¾¹å°†ç¼©è¿›$x$ï¼›å¦‚æžœ$x&lt;0$ï¼Œå³è¾¹å°†ç¼©è¿›$-x$ã€‚
\endulist
%When you specify hanging indentation, it applies
%only to the next paragraph (if you're in vertical mode) or to
%the current paragraph (if you're in horizontal mode).
%\TeX\ uses the values of |\hangafter| and |\hangindent| at the end of a
%paragraph, when it breaks that paragraph into lines.\minrefs{line
%break}

å½“ä½&nbsp;è®¾ç½®æ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›çš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œä»…å¯¹ä¸‹ä¸€æ®µï¼ˆå¦‚æžœå¤„äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ï¼‰æˆ–è€…å½“å‰æ®µï¼ˆå¦‚æžœå¤„äºŽæ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ï¼‰æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
\TeX{}æ‹†æ®µæˆè¡Œæ—¶ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨çš„æ˜¯æ®µè½æœ«å°¾çš„|\hangafter|å’Œ|\hangindent|çš„å€¼ã€‚\minrefs{æ–­è¡Œ}
% Unlike most of the other paragraph-shaping parameters,
%|\hangafter| and |\hangindent| are reset to their default values
%at the start of each paragraph, namely,
%$1$ for |\hangafter| and $0$ for |\hangindent|.
%If you want to typeset a sequence of paragraphs with hanging
%indentation, use |\everypar| (\xref{\everypar}).
%^^|\everypar//for hanging indentation|
%If you specify |\hangafter| and |\hangindent| as well as ^|\parshape|,
%\TeX\ ignores the |\hangafter| and |\hangindent|.
%
%\example
%\hangindent=6pc \hangafter=-2
%This is an example of a paragraph with hanging indentation.
%In this case, the first two lines are indented on the left,
%but after that we return to unindented text.
%|
%\produces
%\hangindent=6pc \hangafter=-2
%This is an example of a paragraph with hanging indentation.
%In this case, the first two lines are indented on the left,
%but after that we return to unindented text.
%\nextexample
%\hangindent=-6pc \hangafter=1
%This is another example of a paragraph with hanging
%indentation.  Here, all lines after the first have been
%indented on the right. The first line, on the other
%hand, has been left unindented.
%|
%\produces
%\hangindent=-6pc \hangafter=1
%This is another example of a paragraph with hanging
%indentation.  Here, all lines after the first have been
%indented on the right. The first line, on the other
%hand, has been left unindented.
%\endexample
%\enddesc


ä¸Žå…¶ä»–å¡‘æ®µå‚æ•°ä¸åŒçš„æ˜¯ï¼Œ
|\hangafter|å’Œ|\hangindent|åœ¨æ¯ä¸€æ®µçš„å¼€å§‹éƒ½è¢«é‡è®¾ä¸ºå…¶é»˜è®¤å€¼ï¼Œå³
|\hangafter|ä¸º$1$ï¼Œ|\hangindent|ä¸º$0$ã€‚
æƒ³è¦æŽ’ç‰ˆè®¸å¤šæ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›çš„æ®µè½ï¼Œå¯ä»¥ä½¿ç”¨|\everypar| (\xref{\everypar})ã€‚
^^|\everypar//ç”¨äºŽæ‚¬æŒ‚ç¼©è¿›|
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;åŒæ—¶è®¾å®š|\hangafter|ï¼Œ|\hangindent|ä»¥åŠ^|\parshape|ï¼Œ\TeX{}å°†å¿½ç•¥|\hangafter|å’Œ|\hangindent|ã€‚

\example
\hangindent=6pc \hangafter=-2
This is an example of a paragraph with hanging indentation.
In this case, the first two lines are indented on the left,
but after that we return to unindented text.
|
\produces
\hangindent=6pc \hangafter=-2
This is an example of a paragraph with hanging indentation.
In this case, the first two lines are indented on the left,
but after that we return to unindented text.
\nextexample
\hangindent=-6pc \hangafter=1
This is another example of a paragraph with hanging
indentation.  Here, all lines after the first have been
indented on the right. The first line, on the other
hand, has been left unindented.
|
\produces
\hangindent=-6pc \hangafter=1
This is another example of a paragraph with hanging
indentation.  Here, all lines after the first have been
indented on the right. The first line, on the other
hand, has been left unindented.
\endexample
\enddesc

\margin{{\tt\\textindent} has been moved to earlier in this section.}

%\begindesc
%\cts parshape {$n\; i_1 l_1\; i_2 l_2\; \ldots \;i_n l_n$}
%\explain
%This command specifies the shape of the first $n$ lines of a paragraph---
%the next paragraph if you're in vertical mode and the current paragraph
%if you're in horizontal mode.
%The $i$'s and $l$'s are all
%dimensions.  The first line is indented by $i_1$ and has length $l_1$,
%the second line is indented by $i_2$ and has length $l_2$, and so forth.
%If the paragraph has more than $n$ lines, the last indentation\slash
%length pair is used for the extra lines.
%To achieve special effects such as the one
%shown here, you usually have to experiment a lot, insert kerns here and
%there, and choose your words to fit the shape.
%
%|\parshape|, like ^|\hangafter| and ^|\hangindent|, is effective only for one
%paragraph.
%If you specify |\hangafter| and |\hangindent| as well as |\par!-shape|,
%\TeX\ ignores the ^|\hangafter| and ^|\hangindent|.
%\ifodd\pageno\vfill\eject\fi % so the wineglass is on a single page.
\begindesc
\cts parshape {$n\; i_1 l_1\; i_2 l_2\; \ldots \;i_n l_n$}
\explain
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤æŒ‡å®šä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½å‰$n$è¡Œçš„å½¢çŠ¶ã€‚å¦‚æžœå¤„äºŽæ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ï¼Œè¯¥å‘½ä»¤ä½œç”¨äºŽå½“å‰æ®µè½ï¼›
å¦‚æžœå¤„äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ï¼Œåˆ™ä½œç”¨äºŽä¸‹ä¸€æ®µè½ã€‚å…¶ä¸­çš„å„ä¸ª $i$ å’Œ $l$ éƒ½æ˜¯å°ºå¯¸ã€‚
ç¬¬$1$è¡Œçš„ç¼©è¿›ä¸º$i_1$ï¼Œé•¿åº¦ä¸º $l_1$ï¼›ç¬¬$2$è¡Œçš„ç¼©è¿›ä¸º$i_2$ï¼Œé•¿åº¦ä¸º$l_2$ï¼›ä¾æ­¤ç±»æŽ¨ã€‚
è‹¥è¯¥æ®µè½è¶…è¿‡$n$è¡Œï¼ŒåŽé¢å„è¡Œéƒ½ä½¿ç”¨ $i_n$ å’Œ $l_n$ã€‚ä¸ºè¾¾åˆ°è¿™é‡Œå±•ç¤ºçš„ç‰¹æ®Šæ•ˆæžœï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;é€šå¸¸è¦åå¤è°ƒè¯•ï¼Œæ’å…¥å¤šä¸ªç´§æŽ’ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”é€‰æ‹©é€‚åˆè¯¥å½¢çŠ¶çš„è¯è¯­ã€‚

ä¸Ž ^|\hangafter| å’Œ ^|\hangindent| ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ï¼Œ|\parshape| ä¹Ÿä»…å¯¹æ­¤æ®µè½æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
å¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;åŒæ—¶æŒ‡å®š |\hangafter| å’Œ |\hangindent| ä»¥åŠ |\par!-shape|ï¼Œ
\TeX\ å°†å¿½ç•¥ ^|\hangafter| å’Œ ^|\hangindent|ã€‚
\ifodd\pageno\vfill\eject\fi % so the wineglass is on a single page.

\example
% A small font and close interline spacing make this work
\smallskip\font\sixrm=cmr6 \sixrm \baselineskip=7pt
\fontdimen3\font = 1.8pt \fontdimen4\font = 0.9pt
\noindent \hfuzz 0.1pt
\parshape 30 0pt 120pt 1pt 118pt 2pt 116pt 4pt 112pt 6pt
108pt 9pt 102pt 12pt 96pt 15pt 90pt 19pt 84pt 23pt 77pt
27pt 68pt 30.5pt 60pt 35pt 52pt 39pt 45pt 43pt 36pt 48pt
27pt 51.5pt 21pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt
16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt
53pt 14.6pt 48pt 24pt 45pt 30.67pt 36.5pt 51pt 23pt 76.3pt
The wines of France and California may be the best
known, but they are not the only fine wines. Spanish
wines are often underestimated, and quite old ones may
be available at reasonable prices. For Spanish wines
the vintage is not so critical, but  the climate of the
Bordeaux region varies greatly from year to year. Some
vintages are not as good as others,
so these years ought to be
s\kern -.1pt p\kern -.1pt e\kern -.1pt c\hfil ially
n\kern .1pt o\kern .1pt t\kern .1pt e\kern .1pt d\hfil:
1962, 1964, 1966.  1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1964,
1966 are also good California vintages.
Good luck finding them!!
|
%\margin{Wineglass text replaced because of permissions problem.}
\produces
% A small font and close interline spacing make this work
\smallskip\font\sixrm=cmr6 \sixrm \baselineskip=7pt
\fontdimen3\font = 1.8pt \fontdimen4\font = 0.9pt
\noindent \hfuzz 0.1pt
\parshape 30 0pt 120pt 1pt 118pt 2pt 116pt 4pt 112pt 6pt 108pt 9pt 102pt
12pt 96pt 15pt 90pt 19pt 84pt 23pt 77pt 27pt 68pt 30.5pt 60pt 35pt 52pt
39pt 45pt 43pt 36pt 48pt 27pt 51.5pt 21pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt
53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt 53pt 16.75pt
53pt 16.75pt 53pt 14.6pt 48pt 24pt 45pt 30.67pt 36.5pt 51pt 23pt 76.3pt
The wines of France and California may be the best
known, but they are not the only fine wines. Spanish
wines are often underestimated, and quite old ones may
be available at reasonable prices. For Spanish wines
the vintage is not so critical, but  the climate of the
Bordeaux region varies greatly from year to year. Some
vintages are not as good as others,
so these years ought to be
s\kern -.1pt p\kern -.1pt e\kern -.1pt c\hfil ially
n\kern .1pt o\kern .1pt t\kern .1pt e\kern .1pt d\hfil:
1962, 1964, 1966.  1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1964,
1966 are also good California vintages.
Good luck finding them!
\endexample
\eix^^{ç¼©è¿›}
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\cts prevgraf {\param{number}}
%\explain
%In horizontal mode, this parameter specifies the
%number of lines in the paragraph so far; in vertical mode,
%it specifies the number of lines in the previous paragraph.
%\TeX\ only sets |\prevgraf| after it has finished breaking some text into
%lines, i.e., at a math display or at the end of a paragraph.
%See \knuth{page~103} for more details about it.
%\enddesc
\begindesc
\cts prevgraf {\param{number}}
\explain
åœ¨æ°´å¹³æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ï¼Œæ­¤å‚æ•°è¡¨ç¤ºè¯¥æ®µè½çš„å½“å‰è¡Œæ•°ï¼›åœ¨ç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ä¸­ï¼Œå®ƒè¡¨ç¤ºä¸Šä¸ªæ®µè½çš„è¡Œæ•°ã€‚
åªæœ‰åœ¨å®Œæˆä¸€äº›æ–‡æœ¬æ–­è¡ŒåŽï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚åœ¨é™ˆåˆ—å…¬å¼å‰æˆ–è€…åœ¨æ®µè½ç»“å°¾å¤„ï¼Œ\TeX\ æ‰ä¼šè®¾ç½®
|\prevgraf|ã€‚è¯¦è§ \knuth{ç¬¬103é¡µ}ã€‚
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\cts vadjust {\rqbraces{\&lt;vertical mode material&gt;}}
%\explain
%This command inserts the specified \&lt;vertical mode material&gt; just after the
%output line containing the position where the command occurs.
%^^{vertical lists//inserting in paragraphs}
%You can use it, for instance, to cause a page eject or to insert extra
%space after a certain line.
\begindesc
\cts vadjust {\rqbraces{\&lt;vertical mode material&gt;}}
\explain
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤åœ¨å½“å‰ä½ç½®æ‰€åœ¨è¡Œä¸‹è¾¹æ’å…¥æŒ‡å®šçš„ \&lt;vertical mode material&gt;ã€‚
^^{ç«–ç›´åˆ—è¡¨//æ’å…¥åˆ°æ®µè½ä¸­}
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥ç”¨å®ƒè¾“å‡ºé¡µé¢ï¼Œæˆ–è€…åœ¨ç‰¹å®šè¡Œæ·»åŠ&nbsp;é¢å¤–ç©ºç™½ã€‚

\example
Some of these words are \vadjust{\kern8pt\hrule} to be
found above the line and others are to be found below it.
|
\produces
Some of these words are \vadjust{\kern8pt
\hbox to \hsize{\hfil\vbox{\advance\hsize by -\parindent
\hrule width \hsize}}}
to be found above the line and others are to be found below it.
\endexample
\enddesc

%\see |\parindent| (\xref\parindent),
%|\parskip| (\xref\parskip), |\everypar| (\xref\everypar).
%\eix^^{line breaks//and paragraph shape}
%\eix^^{paragraphs//shaping}
\see |\parindent| (\xref\parindent),
|\parskip| (\xref\parskip), |\everypar| (\xref\everypar).
\eix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//æ–­è¡Œä¸Žæ®µè½å½¢çŠ¶}
\eix^^{æ®µè½//å½¢æˆæ®µè½}

%==========================================================================
%\section {Line breaks}
\section {æ–­è¡Œ}

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Encouraging or discouraging line breaks}
\subsection {é¼“åŠ±æˆ–é˜»ç¢æ–­è¡Œ}

%\begindesc
%\bix^^{line breaks}
%\bix^^{line breaks//encouraging or discouraging}
%\ctspecial break {} \xrdef{hbreak}
%\explain
%This command forces a line break.
%Unless you do something to fill out the line, you're likely to
%get an ``underfull hbox'' complaint.
%|\break| can also be used in vertical mode.
\begindesc
\bix^^{æ–­è¡Œ}
\bix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//é¼“åŠ±æˆ–é˜»ç¢æ–­è¡Œ}
\ctspecial break {} \xrdef{hbreak}
\explain
å¼ºåˆ¶åœ¨æ­¤å¤„æ–­è¡Œã€‚é™¤éžç”¨æŸç§æ–¹æ³•å¡«æ»¡è¯¥è¡Œï¼Œ
å¦åˆ™ä½&nbsp;å°†å¾—åˆ° ``underfull hbox'' çš„è­¦å‘Šã€‚
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä¹Ÿèƒ½ç”¨äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ã€‚
\example
Fill out this line\hfil\break and start another one.\par
% Use \hfil here to fill out the line.
This line is underfull---we ended it\break prematurely.
% This line causes an `underfull hbox' complaint.
|
\produces
\hbadness = 10000 % avoid hbadness message
Fill out this line\hfil\break and start another one.\par
% Use \hfil here to fill out the line.
This line is underfull---we ended it\break prematurely.
% This line causes an `underfull hbox' complaint.
\endexample\enddesc

\begindesc
\ctspecial nobreak {} \xrdef{hnobreak}
\explain
%This command prevents a line break where it
%otherwise might occur.
%|\nobreak| can also be used in vertical mode.
é˜»æ­¢åœ¨æ­¤å¤„æ–­è¡Œã€‚æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä¹Ÿèƒ½ç”¨äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ã€‚
\example
Sometimes you'll encounter a situation where
a certain space\nobreak\qquad must not get lost.
|
\produces
Sometimes you'll encounter a situation where
a certain space\nobreak\qquad must not get lost.
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\ctspecial allowbreak {} \xrdef{hallowbreak}
\explain
%This command tells \TeX\ to
%allow a line break where one could not ordinarily occur.
%It's most often useful within a math formula, since \TeX\
%is reluctant to break lines there.  ^^{line breaks//in math formulas}
%|\allowbreak| can also be used in vertical mode.
åœ¨é€šå¸¸ä¸æ–­è¡Œçš„åœ°æ–¹å…è®¸ \TeX\ æ–­è¡Œã€‚å®ƒç»å¸¸ç”¨äºŽæ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ä¸­ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;ä¸º \TeX\ é€šå¸¸ä¸æ„¿æ„åœ¨å…¶ä¸­æ–­è¡Œã€‚^^{æ–­è¡Œ//åœ¨æ•°å­¦å…¬å¼ä¸­}
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä¹Ÿèƒ½ç”¨äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ã€‚
\example
Under most circumstances we can state with some confidence
that $2+2\allowbreak=4$, but skeptics may disagree.
\par For such moronic automata, it is not difficult to
analyze the input/\allowbreak output behavior in the limit.
|
\produces
Under most circumstances we can state with some confidence
that $2+2\allowbreak=4$, but skeptics may disagree.
\par For such moronic automata, it is not difficult to
analyze the input/\allowbreak output behavior in the limit.
\endexample\enddesc

\begindesc
\ctspecial penalty {\&lt;number&gt;} \xrdef{hpenalty}
\explain
%This command produces a \minref{penalty} item.
%The penalty item makes \TeX\ more or less willing to break a line
%at the point where that item occurs.
%A negative penalty, i.e., a bonus, encourages a line break;
%a positive penalty discourages a line break.
%A penalty of $10000$ or more prevents a break altogether,
%while a penalty of $-10000$ or less forces a break.
%|\penalty| can also be used in vertical mode.
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ç”Ÿæˆä¸€ä¸ªæƒ©ç½šï¼ˆ\minref{penalty}ï¼‰é¡¹ã€‚
æƒ©ç½šé¡¹ä½¿å¾— \TeX\ æˆ–å¤šæˆ–å°‘æ„¿æ„åœ¨æ­¤å¤„æ–­è¡Œã€‚
è´Ÿæƒ©ç½šå€¼ï¼Œå®žé™…ä¸Šæ˜¯å¥–åŠ±å€¼ï¼Œé¼“åŠ±æ–­è¡Œï¼›æ­£æƒ©ç½šå€¼é˜»ç¢æ–­è¡Œã€‚
å¤§äºŽæˆ–ç­‰äºŽ $10000$ çš„æƒ©ç½šå€¼å½»åº•é˜»æ­¢æ–­è¡Œï¼Œ
è€Œå°äºŽæˆ–ç­‰äºŽ $-10000$ çš„æƒ©ç½šå€¼å¼ºåˆ¶æ–­è¡Œã€‚
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä¹Ÿèƒ½ç”¨äºŽç«–ç›´æ¨¡å¼ã€‚
%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}
\example
\def\break{\penalty -10000 } % as in plain TeX
\def\nobreak{\penalty 10000 } % as in plain TeX
\def\allowbreak{\penalty 0 } % as in plain TeX
|
\endexample
\enddesc

\secondprinting{\vglue-\baselineskip\vskip0pt}
\begindesc
\cts obeylines {}
\explain
%\TeX\ normally treats an end of line as a space.
%|\obeylines| instructs \TeX\ to treat each end of line as
%an end of paragraph, thus forcing a line break.
%|\obeylines| is often useful when you're typesetting verse or
%computer programs.
%^^{verse, typesetting}^^{poetry, typesetting}^^{computer programs, typesetting}
%If any of your lines are longer than the effective line length
%(|\hsize|\tminus|\parindent|),
%however,
%you may get an extra line break within those lines.
%
%Because \TeX\ inserts the |\parskip| glue (\xref\parskip)
%between lines controlled by |\obeylines| (since it thinks each line is a
%paragraph), you should normally set |\parskip| to zero when you're using
%|\obeylines|.
%
%You can use the ^|\obeyspaces| command (\xref{\obeyspaces}) to get
%\TeX\ to take spaces within a line literally.  |\obeylines| and |\obeyspaces|
%are often used together.
\TeX\ é€šå¸¸å°†è¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦è§†ä¸ºç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
|\obeylines| è®© \TeX\ å°†æ¯ä¸ªè¡Œç»“æŸç¬¦éƒ½è§†ä¸ºæ®µè½ç»“æŸç¬¦ï¼Œä»Žè€Œå¼ºåˆ¶æ–­è¡Œã€‚
åœ¨æŽ’ç‰ˆè¯—æ­Œæˆ–è€…ç¨‹åºä»£ç&nbsp;æ—¶ |\obeylines| å¤§æœ‰ç”¨å¤„ã€‚
^^{è¯—æ­Œï¼ŒæŽ’ç‰ˆ}^^{ç¨‹åºä»£ç&nbsp;ï¼ŒæŽ’ç‰ˆ}
ç„¶è€Œï¼Œå¦‚æžœæŸäº›è¡Œçš„é•¿åº¦è¶…è¿‡è¡Œçš„å®žé™…é•¿åº¦ï¼ˆ|\hsize|\tminus|\parindent|ï¼‰ï¼Œ
å®ƒä»¬å°†ä¼šè¢«è‡ªåŠ¨æ–­è¡Œã€‚

\TeX\ å°†åœ¨è®¾å®šäº† |\obeylines| çš„å„è¡Œé—´æ’å…¥ |\parskip|ï¼ˆ\xref\parskip ï¼‰ç²˜è¿ž
ï¼ˆæ—¢ç„¶å®ƒè®¤ä¸ºæ¯è¡Œéƒ½æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½ï¼‰ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ï¼Œåœ¨ä½¿ç”¨ |\obeylines| æ—¶ä¸€èˆ¬åº”è¯¥è®¾å®š |\parskip| ä¸ºé›¶ã€‚

ç”¨ ^|\obeyspaces| å‘½ä»¤ï¼ˆ\xref{\obeyspaces}ï¼‰å¯ä»¥è®© \TeX\ æŒ‰åŽŸæ&nbsp;·å¤„ç†è¡Œä¸­çš„ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ã€‚
æˆ‘ä»¬ç»å¸¸ä¸€èµ·ä½¿ç”¨ |\obeylines| å’Œ |\obeyspaces|ã€‚
\example
\obeylines
``Beware the Jabberwock, my son!!
\quad The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
\quad The frumious Bandersnatch!!''
|
\produces
\obeylines
``Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
\quad The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
\quad The frumious Bandersnatch!''
\endexample
\enddesc

\secondprinting{\vglue-\baselineskip\vskip0pt}

\begindesc
\easy\cts slash {}
\explain
%This command produces a ^{solidus} (/) and also tells \TeX\ that it can
%break the line after the solidus, if necessary.
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤ç”Ÿæˆä¸€ä¸ª^{æ–œçº¿ç¬¦å·}ï¼ˆ/ï¼‰ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å‘Šè¯‰ \TeX\ å¿…è¦æ—¶å¯ä»¥åœ¨è¯¥æ–œçº¿åŽæ–­è¡Œã€‚
\example
Her oldest cat, while apparently friendly to most people,
had a Jekyll\slash Hyde personality when it came to mice.
|
\produces
Her oldest cat, while apparently friendly to most people,
had a Jekyll\slash Hyde personality when it came to mice.
\endexample
\eix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//é¼“åŠ±æˆ–é˜»ç¢æ–­è¡Œ}
\enddesc

%\secondprinting{\vfill\eject}


%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Line breaking parameters}
\subsection {æ–­è¡Œå‚æ•°}

\begindesc
\bix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//å½±å“æ–­è¡Œçš„å‚æ•°}
%
\cts pretolerance {\param{number}}
\cts tolerance {\param{number}}
\explain
%These parameters determine the \minref{badness} that \TeX\ will tolerate
%on each line when it is choosing line breaks
%for a paragraph.
%The badness is a measure of how far the interword spacing deviates from
%the ideal.
%|\pretolerance| specifies the  tolerable badness for
%line breaks without hyphenation;
%|\tolerance| specifies the tolerable badness for line breaks with
%hyphenation.
%The tolerable badness can be exceeded in either of two ways:
%a line is too tight (the interword spaces are too
%small) or it is too loose (the interword spaces are too big).
åœ¨ \TeX\ é€‰æ‹©æ®µè½æ–­è¡Œç‚¹æ—¶ï¼Œ
è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªå‚æ•°ç¡®å®šå¯¹å„è¡Œ\minref{åŠ£åº¦}ï¼ˆbadnessï¼‰çš„å®¹è®¸å€¼ï¼ˆtoleranceï¼‰ã€‚
åŠ£åº¦è¡¡é‡äº†å•è¯é—´è·å’Œç†æƒ³æƒ…å½¢å·®åˆ«å¤šå¤§
\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼šåœ¨ä¸­æ–‡æŽ’ç‰ˆä¸­ï¼Œâ€œå•è¯ç©ºéš™â€å®žé™…ä¸Šæ˜¯å­—é—´è·ã€‚}ã€‚
å…¶ä¸­ |\pretolerance| æŒ‡å®šåœ¨ä¸åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦æ–­è¡Œæ—¶å¯¹åŠ£åº¦çš„å®¹è®¸å€¼ï¼Œ
è€Œ |\tolerance| æŒ‡å®šåŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šè¿žå­—ç¬¦æ–­è¡Œæ—¶å¯¹åŠ£åº¦çš„å®¹è®¸å€¼ã€‚
å½“æŸè¡ŒæŽ’å¾—å¤ªç´§å¯†ï¼ˆå•è¯é—´è·è¿‡å°ï¼‰ï¼Œ
æˆ–è€…æŽ’å¾—å¤ªæ¾æ•£ï¼ˆå•è¯é—´è·è¿‡å¤§ï¼‰æ—¶ï¼ŒåŠ£åº¦å°±ä¼šè¶…è¿‡å®¹è®¸å€¼ã€‚

%\ulist
%\li If \TeX\ must set a line too loosely, it
%complains about an ``underfull hbox''.
%\li If \TeX\ must set a line too rightly,
%it lets the line run past the right margin and
%complains about an ``overfull \minref{hbox}''.
%\endulist
\ulist
\li å¦‚æžœ \TeX\ å°†æŸä¸€è¡ŒæŽ’å¾—å¤ªæ¾æ•£ï¼Œ
å®ƒå°†ç»™å‡º ``underfull hbox'' çš„è­¦å‘Šã€‚
\li å¦‚æžœ \TeX\ å°†æŸä¸€è¡ŒæŽ’å¾—å¤ªç´§å¯†ï¼Œ
å®ƒå°†è®©è¯¥è¡Œè¶…å‡ºå³è¾¹ç¼˜ï¼Œ
å¹¶ç»™å‡º ``overfull \minref{hbox}'' çš„è­¦å‘Šã€‚
\endulist

%\noindent \TeX\ chooses line breaks in the following steps:
%\olist
%\li It attempts to choose line breaks without hyphenating.
%If none of the
%resulting lines have a badness exceeding |\pretolerance|, the
%line breaks are acceptable and the paragraph can now be set.
%\li Otherwise, it tries another set of line breaks, this
%time allowing hyphenation.  If none of the resulting lines have a badness
%exceeding |\tolerance|, the new set of line breaks is
%acceptable and the paragraph can now be set.
%\li Otherwise, it adds ^|\emergencystretch| (see below) to the stretch
%of each line and tries again.
%\li If none of these attempts have produced an acceptable
%set of line breaks,
%it sets the paragraph with one or more overfull hboxes
%and complains about them.
%\endolist
\noindent \TeX\ æŒ‰ç…§å¦‚ä¸‹æ­¥éª¤é€‰æ‹©æ–­è¡Œç‚¹ï¼š
\olist
\li å®ƒè¯•å›¾é€‰æ‹©æ—&nbsp;éœ€æ·»åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦çš„ä¸€ç³»åˆ—æ–­ç‚¹ã€‚
å¦‚æžœç»“æžœä¸­æ¯è¡Œçš„åŠ£åº¦éƒ½ä¸è¶…è¿‡ |\pretolerance|ï¼Œ
è¿™ç»„æ–­ç‚¹æ˜¯å¯æŽ¥å—çš„ï¼Œè¯¥æ®µè½ä¹Ÿå°±å®Œæˆäº†æ–­è¡Œã€‚
\li å¦åˆ™ï¼Œå®ƒåœ¨å…è®¸æ·»åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹å†æ¬¡å¯»æ‰¾æ–­ç‚¹ã€‚
å¦‚æžœç»“æžœä¸­æ¯è¡Œçš„åŠ£åº¦éƒ½ä¸è¶…è¿‡ |\tolerance|, è¿™ç»„æ–°
æ–­ç‚¹æ˜¯å¯æŽ¥å—çš„ï¼Œè¯¥æ®µè½ä¹Ÿå°±å®Œæˆäº†æ–­è¡Œã€‚
\li å¦åˆ™ï¼Œå®ƒç»™æ¯è¡Œçš„ä¼¸é•¿é‡å¢žåŠ&nbsp; ^|\emergencystretch|ï¼ˆè§ä¸‹é¢ï¼‰ï¼Œ
ç„¶åŽé‡æ–°å°è¯•ã€‚
\li å¦‚æžœä¸Šè¿°å„ç§å°è¯•éƒ½æ—&nbsp;æ³•å¾—åˆ°å¯æŽ¥å—çš„æ–­ç‚¹ç³»åˆ—ï¼Œ
å®ƒç»™è¯¥æ®µè½è®¾ç½®ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–å¤šä¸ªæº¢å‡ºçš„æ°´å¹³ç›’å­ï¼Œå¹¶ç»™å‡ºè­¦å‘Šã€‚
\endolist

%\PlainTeX\ sets |\tolerance| to $200$ and |\pretolerance| to $100$.
%If you set |\tolerance| to $10000$, \TeX\
%becomes infinitely tolerant and accepts any spacing, no matter how bad
%(unless it encounters a word that won't fit on a line, even with
%hyphenation).  Thus by changing |\tolerance| you can avoid
%overfull and underfull hboxes, but at the cost of making the spacing worse.
%By making |\pretolerance| larger you can get \TeX\ to avoid hyphenation
%(and also run faster),
%again at the cost of possibly worse spacing.
%If you set |\pretolerance| to $-1$,
%\TeX\ will not even try to set the paragraph without hyphenation.
\PlainTeX\ è®¾ç½® |\tolerance| ä¸º $200$ï¼Œ|\pretolerance| ä¸º $100$ã€‚
è‹¥ä½&nbsp;è®¾ç½® |\tolerance| ä¸º $10000$, \TeX\ å°†æœ‰æ—&nbsp;ç©·å¤§çš„å®¹è®¸å€¼ï¼Œ
å¯ä»¥æŽ¥å—ä»»ä½•ç©ºéš™ï¼Œä¸ç®¡å®ƒæœ‰å¤šç³Ÿç³•ã€‚%
ï¼ˆé™¤éžå®ƒé‡åˆ°å³ä½¿æ·»åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦ä¹Ÿæ—&nbsp;æ³•æ”¾åœ¨ä¸€è¡Œçš„å•è¯ï¼‰ã€‚
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ï¼Œé€šè¿‡æ”¹å˜ |\tolerance| å€¼ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥é¿å…æº¢å‡ºçš„æˆ–è€…æ¾æ•£çš„æ°´å¹³ç›’å­ï¼Œ
ä½†ä¼šå¾—åˆ°æ›´ç³Ÿç³•çš„ç©ºéš™ã€‚
é€šè¿‡å¢žå¤§ |\pretolerance| å€¼ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥è®© \TeX\ ä¸æ·»åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦ï¼ˆå¹¶ä¸”è¿è¡Œå¾—æ›´å¿«ï¼‰ï¼Œ
ä½†åŒæ&nbsp;·å¯èƒ½å¾—åˆ°æ›´ç³Ÿç³•çš„ç©ºéš™ã€‚
è€Œå¦‚æžœä½&nbsp;è®¾ç½® |\pretolerance| ä¸º $-1$ï¼Œ
\TeX\ å°†ä¸å†å°è¯•ä¸æ·»åŠ&nbsp;è¿žå­—ç¬¦çš„æ–­è¡Œæ–¹å¼ã€‚

%The  ^|\hbadness| parameter (\xref \hbadness) determines the level of badness
%that \TeX\ will tolerate before it complains, but |\hbadness| does not affect
%the way that \TeX\ typesets your document.
%The ^|\hfuzz| parameter (\xref \hfuzz) determines the amount that
%an hbox can exceed its specified width before \TeX\ considers it to be
%erroneous.
å‚æ•° ^|\hbadness|ï¼ˆ\xref \hbadness ï¼‰ç¡®å®šåŠ£åº¦è¾¾åˆ°å¤šå¤§æ—¶ \TeX\ æ‰ç»™å‡ºè­¦å‘Šï¼Œ
ä½†å®ƒä¸å½±å“ \TeX\ å¯¹æ–‡æ¡£çš„æŽ’ç‰ˆã€‚
å‚æ•° ^|\hfuzz|ï¼ˆ\xref \hfuzz ï¼‰ç¡®å®šæ°´å¹³ç›’å­å®½åº¦è¶…å‡ºå¤šå¤§æ—¶ï¼Œ
\TeX\ æ‰è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯é”™è¯¯çš„ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts emergencystretch {\param{dimen}}
\explain
%By setting this parameter to be greater than zero,
%you can make it easier for \TeX\
%to typeset your document without generating overfull hboxes.
%^^{overfull boxes}
%This is a better alternative than setting |\tolerance=10000|,
%since that tends to produce really ugly lines.
%If \TeX\ can't typeset a paragraph without exceeding ^|\tolerance|,
%it will try again, adding |\emergencystretch| to the stretch of each
%line.
%The effect of the change is to scale down the badness of each
%line, enabling \TeX\ to make spaces wider than they would otherwise be
%and thus choose line breaks that are as
%good as possible under the circumstances.
è®¾å®šæ­¤å‚æ•°å¤§äºŽé›¶ï¼Œå¯ä»¥è®© \TeX\ æ›´å®¹æ˜“æŽ’ç‰ˆæ–‡æ¡£ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ˜¯ç”Ÿæˆæº¢å‡ºçš„æ°´å¹³ç›’å­ã€‚
^^{æº¢å‡ºçš„æ°´å¹³ç›’å­}
è¿™æ&nbsp;·æ¯”è®¾å®š |\tolerance=10000| æ›´å¥½ï¼Œå›&nbsp;ä¸ºé‚£æ&nbsp;·å¾€å¾€å¾—åˆ°ååˆ†éš¾çœ‹çš„è¡Œã€‚
å¦‚æžœ \TeX\ æŽ’ç‰ˆæ®µè½æ—¶æ—&nbsp;æ³•ä¸è¶…è¿‡ ^|\tolerance| å€¼ï¼Œ
å®ƒå°†ç»™æ¯è¡Œçš„ä¼¸é•¿é‡å¢žåŠ&nbsp; |\emergencystretch| ç„¶åŽé‡æ–°å°è¯•ã€‚
ä¼¸é•¿é‡çš„å¢žåŠ&nbsp;å°†ä¼šç¼©å‡å„è¡ŒåŠ£åº¦ï¼Œå…è®¸ \TeX\ ç”Ÿæˆæ¯”åŽŸæ¥æ›´å®½çš„é—´è·ï¼Œ
ä»Žè€Œé€‰å‡ºå½“å‰æƒ…å†µä¸‹å°½å¯èƒ½å¥½çš„æ–­è¡Œç‚¹ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts looseness {\param{number}}
\explain
\minrefs{line break}
%This parameter gives you a way
%to change the total number of lines in a paragraph from what they
%optimally would be.
%|\looseness| is so named because it's a
%measure of how loose the paragraph is, i.e., how much extra space there is in
%it.
æ­¤å‚æ•°ç”¨äºŽä¿®æ”¹æ®µè½çš„è¡Œæ•°ï¼Œç›¸å¯¹å…¶æœ€ä½³è¡Œæ•°ã€‚
ä¹‹æ‰€ä»¥ç§°ä¸ºæ¾æ•£åº¦ï¼ˆ|\looseness|ï¼‰ï¼Œ
æ˜¯å›&nbsp;ä¸ºå®ƒè¡¡é‡è¯¥æ®µè½æœ‰å¤šæ¾æ•£ï¼Œå³åŒ…å«å¤šå°‘é¢å¤–çš„é—´è·ã€‚

%Normally, |\looseness| is $0$ and
%\TeX\ chooses line breaks in its usual way.  But if
%|\looseness| is, say, $3$, \TeX\ does the following:
%\olist
%\li It chooses line breaks normally, resulting in a paragraph of $n$ lines.
%\li It discards these line breaks and
%tries to find a new set of line breaks that gives the paragraph $n+3$ lines.
%(Without the previous step, \TeX\ wouldn't know the value of $n$.)
%\li If the previous attempt results in lines whose badness exceeds
%|\tol!-er!-ance|,
%^^|\tolerance|
%it tries to get $n+2$ lines---and if that also fails,
%$n+1$ lines, and finally $n$ lines again.
%\endolist
%\noindent
%Similarly, if looseness is $-n$,
%\TeX\ attempts to set the paragraph with $n$
%fewer lines  than normal.
%The easiest way for \TeX\ to make a paragraph one line longer is to put
%a single word on the excess line.  You can prevent this by
%putting a tie (\xref{@not}) between the last two words of the paragraph.
ä¸€èˆ¬åœ°ï¼Œè‹¥ |\looseness| ç­‰äºŽ $0$ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°†æŒ‰é€šå¸¸æ–¹å¼é€‰æ‹©æ–­è¡Œç‚¹ã€‚
ä½†è‹¥ |\looseness| ç­‰äºŽï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚ $3$ï¼Œ\TeX\ ä¾ä¸‹é¢æ­¥éª¤å¤„ç†ï¼š
\olist
\li æŒ‰é€šå¸¸æ–¹å¼é€‰æ‹©æ–­è¡Œç‚¹ï¼Œå¾—åˆ°æ€»è¡Œæ•°ä¸º $n$ çš„æ®µè½ã€‚
\li ä¸¢å¼ƒè¿™äº›æ–­è¡Œç‚¹ï¼Œå¹¶è¯•ç€å¯»æ‰¾æ€»è¡Œæ•°ä¸º $n+3$ çš„ä¸€ç³»åˆ—æ–°æ–­ç‚¹ã€‚%
ï¼ˆç¼ºå°‘ä¸Šä¸€æ­¥ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°±æ—&nbsp;æ³•çŸ¥é“ $n$ çš„å€¼ã€‚ï¼‰
\li å¦‚æžœä¸Šä¸€æ­¥å°è¯•æ—&nbsp;æ³•å¾—åˆ°è¡ŒåŠ£åº¦ä¸è¶…è¿‡ |\tol!-er!-ance| çš„ç»“æžœï¼Œ
^^|\tolerance|
å®ƒå°†è¯•ç€å°†æ®µè½åˆ†ä¸º $n+2$ è¡Œï¼›å¦‚æžœè¿™ä¹Ÿä¸è¡Œï¼Œè¯•ç€åˆ†ä¸º $n+1$ è¡Œï¼›
æœ€ç»ˆåªèƒ½å†æ¬¡åˆ†ä¸º $n$ è¡Œã€‚
\endolist
\noindent
ç±»ä¼¼åœ°ï¼Œè‹¥æ¾æ•£åº¦ä¸º $-k$ï¼Œ\TeX\ è¯•ç€è®©æ®µè½çš„è¡Œæ•°æ¯”æ­£å¸¸æƒ…å½¢å°‘ $k$ è¡Œã€‚
è®©æ®µè½å¤šå‡ºä¸€è¡Œçš„æœ€ç®€å•æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯ï¼Œå°†ä¸€ä¸ªå•è¯æ”¾åˆ°å¤šå‡ºçš„é‚£è¡Œã€‚
åœ¨æœ€åŽä¸¤ä¸ªå•è¯ä¹‹é—´åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Šä¸€ä¸ªå¸¦å­ï¼ˆtieï¼Œ\xref{@not}ï¼‰ç¬¦å·ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å°±å¯ä»¥é˜»æ­¢æ­¤ç§æ–­è¡Œæ–¹æ³•ã€‚

%Setting |\looseness| is the best way to force a paragraph
%to occupy a given number of lines.
%Setting it to a negative value is useful when you're trying to
%increase the amount of text you can fit on a page.
%Similarly, setting it to a positive
%value is useful when you're trying to
%decrease the amount of text on a page.
è®¾å®š |\looseness| æ˜¯è¿«ä½¿æ®µè½å&nbsp;ç”¨ç»™å®šè¡Œæ•°çš„æœ€å¥½æ–¹æ³•ã€‚
æƒ³å¢žåŠ&nbsp;é¡µé¢ä¸­çš„æ–‡æœ¬æ—¶ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥å°†å®ƒè®¾ä¸ºè´Ÿå€¼ã€‚
åŒæ&nbsp;·åœ°ï¼Œæƒ³å‡å°‘é¡µé¢ä¸­çš„æ–‡æœ¬æ—¶ï¼Œå¯ä»¥å°†å®ƒè®¾ä¸ºæ­£å€¼ã€‚

%\TeX\ sets |\looseness| to $0$ when it ends a paragraph, after breaking
%the paragraph into lines.
%If you want to change the looseness of several paragraphs, you must do it
%individually for each one or put the change into |\everypar|
%\ctsref\everypar.
%^^|\everypar//for setting \b\tt\\looseness\e|
åœ¨ç»“æŸæ®µè½å¹¶åˆ†æ®µä¸ºè¡Œä¹‹åŽï¼Œ\TeX\ å°† |\looseness| é‡ç½®ä¸º $0$ã€‚
è‹¥è¦æ”¹åŠ¨å¤šä¸ªæ®µè½çš„æ¾æ•£åº¦ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¿…é¡»å¯¹æ¯ä¸ªæ®µè½åˆ†åˆ«è®¾ç½®ï¼Œ
æˆ–è€…å°†æ”¹åŠ¨æ”¾åœ¨ |\everypar|
\ctsref\everypar å‘½ä»¤ä¸­ã€‚
^^|\everypar//ç”¨äºŽè®¾å®š \b\tt\\looseness\e|
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts linepenalty {\param{number}}
\explain
\minrefs{line break}
%This parameter specifies \minref{demerits} that \TeX\ assesses for each line
%break when it is breaking a paragraph into lines.
%The penalty is independent of where the line break occurs.
%Increasing the value
%of this parameter causes \TeX\ to try harder to set a paragraph with a
%minimum number of lines, even at the cost of other aesthetic considerations
%such as avoiding overly tight interword spacing.
%Demerits are in units of \minref{badness} squared, so
%you need to assign a rather large value to this parameter (in the
%thousands) for it to have any effect.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\linepenalty| to $10$.
æ­¤å‚æ•°è®¾å®š \TeX\ åˆ†æ®µä¸ºè¡Œæ—¶å„è¡Œçš„\minref{æƒ©ç½š}å€¼\thinspace%
\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼šåŽŸæ–‡ä¸­ä¼¼ä¹Žå°† penalty è¯¯è®¤ä¸º demerit äº†ã€‚}ã€‚
æ­¤æƒ©ç½šå€¼ä¸Žæ–­è¡Œä½ç½®æ—&nbsp;å…³ã€‚
å¢žå¤§æ­¤å‚æ•°å°†è®©  \TeX\ æŠŠæ®µè½åŽ‹ç¼©åˆ°æœ€å°çš„è¡Œæ•°ï¼Œ
ä½†ä¼šæŸå®³å…¶å®ƒå®¡ç¾Žä¸Šçš„è€ƒè™‘ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚é¿å…è¿‡ç´§çš„å•è¯é—´è·ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\linepenalty| ä¸º $10$ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts adjdemerits {\param{number}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%^^{hyphenation//penalties for}
%{\tighten
%This parameter specifies additional \minref{demerits} that \TeX\ attaches to a
%breakpoint between two adjacent lines that are
%``visually incompatible''.
%Such a pair of lines makes a paragraph appear uneven.
%Incompatibility is evaluated in terms of the tightness or looseness
%of lines:
%}
%\olist\compact
%\li A line is tight if its \minref{glue} needs to shrink by at least $50\%$.
%\li A line is decent if its badness is $12$ or less.
%\li A line is loose if its glue needs to stretch by more than $50\%$.
%\li A line is very loose if its glue needs to stretch so much
%that its badness exceeds $100$.
%\endolist
%Two adjacent lines are visually incompatible
%if their categories are not adjacent, e.g., a tight line is next to a loose one
%or a decent line is next to a very loose one.
%
%Demerits are in units of \minref{badness} squared, so
%you need to assign a rather large value to this parameter (in the
%thousands) for it to have any effect.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\adjdemerits| to~$10000$.
\minrefs{line break}
^^{è¿žå­—//è¿žå­—çš„æƒ©ç½š}
{\tighten
æ­¤å‚æ•°ç»™è¡Œæ–­ç‚¹è®¾å®šé¢å¤–çš„\minref{ç¼ºé™·}ï¼ˆdemeritï¼‰ï¼Œåªè¦è¯¥æ–­ç‚¹åœ¨â€œè§†è§‰ä¸ç›¸å®¹çš„â€ç›¸é‚»ä¸¤è¡Œé—´å‡ºçŽ°ã€‚
è¿™äº›ç›¸é‚»è¡Œä½¿å¾—æ®µè½çœ‹èµ·æ¥å‚å·®ä¸é½ã€‚
ä¸ç›¸å®¹æ€§å–å†³äºŽå„è¡Œçš„æ¾ç´§åº¦\thinspace%
\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼šå¦‚æžœç²˜è¿žè°ƒæ•´æ¯”ä¾‹å¤§äºŽæˆ–ç­‰äºŽ$50\%$ï¼Œå…¶åŠ£åº¦å¿…å®šå¤§äºŽæˆ–ç­‰äºŽ$13$ã€‚}ï¼š
}
\olist\compact
\li æ­¤è¡Œæ˜¯è¿‡ç´§çš„ï¼Œå¦‚æžœå…¶\minref{ç²˜è¿ž}è‡³å°‘éœ€è¦æ”¶ç¼©$50\%$ã€‚
\li æ­¤è¡Œæ˜¯é€‚ä¸­çš„ï¼Œå¦‚æžœå®ƒçš„åŠ£åº¦å°äºŽæˆ–ç­‰äºŽ$12$ã€‚
\li æ­¤è¡Œæ˜¯æ¾æ•£çš„ï¼Œå¦‚æžœå…¶ç²˜è¿žè‡³å°‘éœ€è¦ä¼¸é•¿$50\%$ã€‚
\li æ­¤è¡Œæ˜¯ç©ºè¡çš„ï¼Œå¦‚æžœå…¶ç²˜è¿žéœ€è¦ä¼¸é•¿å¤ªå¤šä»¥è‡´å®ƒçš„åŠ£åº¦è¶…è¿‡$100$ã€‚
\endolist
å¦‚æžœç›¸é‚»çš„ä¸¤è¡Œåˆ†ç±»å´ä¸ç›¸è¿‘ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚ï¼Œ
æ¾æ•£çš„è¡ŒåŽé¢è·Ÿç€ä¸€ä¸ªè¿‡ç´§çš„è¡Œï¼Œæˆ–è€…ç©ºè¡çš„è¡ŒåŽé¢æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªé€‚ä¸­çš„è¡Œï¼Œ
åˆ™ç§°å®ƒä»¬ä¸ºè§†è§‰ä¸ç›¸å®¹çš„ã€‚

ç¼ºé™·ä»¥\minref{åŠ£åº¦}çš„å¹³æ–¹ä¸ºå•ä½ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤åªæœ‰åœ¨ç»™å®šä¸€ä¸ªè¾ƒå¤§çš„æ•°å€¼æ—¶ï¼ˆæ¯”å¦‚æ•°åƒï¼‰æ‰ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿä½œç”¨ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\adjdemerits| ä¸º~$10000$ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\bix^^{è¿žå­—//è¿žå­—çš„æƒ©ç½š}
\cts exhyphenpenalty {\param{number}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%This parameter specifies the \minref{penalty} that \TeX\ attaches to a
%breakpoint at an explicit hyphen such as the one in
%``helter-skelter''.  Increasing this parameter has the effect of discouraging
%\TeX\ from ending a line at an explicit hyphen.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\exhyphenpenalty| to $50$.
\minrefs{line break}
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨æ˜¾å¼è¿žå­—ç¬¦ï¼ˆæ¯”å¦‚``helter-skelter''çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦ï¼‰å¤„æ–­è¡Œæ—¶
æ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„\minref{æƒ©ç½š}å€¼ã€‚
å¢žå¤§æ­¤å‚æ•°å°†é˜»ç¢ \TeX\ åœ¨æ˜¾å¼è¿žå­—ç¬¦å¤„æ¢è¡Œã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\exhyphenpenalty| ä¸º $50$ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts hyphenpenalty {\param{number}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%This parameter specifies the \minref{penalty} that \TeX\ attaches to a
%breakpoint at an implicit hyphen.
%Implicit hyphens can come from \TeX's hyphenation dictionary or
%from ^{discretionary hyphens} that you've inserted with |\-|~(\xref{\@minus}).
%^^|-//leads to {\tt\\hyphenpenalty}|
%Increasing this parameter has the effect of discouraging
%\TeX\ from hyphenating words.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\hyphenpenalty| to $50$.
\minrefs{line break}
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨éšå¼è¿žå­—ç¬¦å¤„æ–­è¡Œæ—¶æ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„\minref{æƒ©ç½š}å€¼ã€‚
éšå¼è¿žå­—ç¬¦æ¥è‡ª \TeX\ çš„è¿žå­—è¯å…¸ï¼Œæˆ–è€…æ¥è‡ªä½&nbsp;ç”¨ |\-|~(\xref{\@minus})
æ’å…¥çš„^{ä»»æ„è¿žå­—ç¬¦}ã€‚
^^|-//å¯¼è‡´ {\tt\\hyphenpenalty}|
å¢žå¤§æ­¤å‚æ•°å°†é˜»ç¢ \TeX\ å°†å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\hyphenpenalty| ä¸º $50$ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts doublehyphendemerits {\param{number}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%{\tighten
%This parameter specifies additional \minref{demerits} that \TeX\
%attaches to a breakpoint when that breakpoint leads to
%two consecutive lines that end in a hyphen.
%Increasing the value of this parameter has the effect of discouraging
%\TeX\ from hyphenating two lines in a row.
%Demerits are in units of \minref{badness} squared, so
%you need to assign a rather large value to this parameter (in the
%thousands) for it to have any effect.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\doublehyphendemerits| to $10000$.
%}
\minrefs{line break}
{\tighten
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨å¯¼è‡´è¿žç»­ä¸¤è¡Œéƒ½ä»¥è¿žå­—ç¬¦ç»“å°¾çš„æ–­ç‚¹å¤„æ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„é¢å¤–\minref{ç¼ºé™·}å€¼ã€‚
å¢žå¤§æ­¤å‚æ•°å°†é˜»ç¢ \TeX\ å°†è¿žç»­ä¸¤è¡Œè¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
ç¼ºé™·ä»¥\minref{åŠ£åº¦}çš„å¹³æ–¹ä¸ºå•ä½ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤åªæœ‰åœ¨ç»™å®šä¸€ä¸ªè¾ƒå¤§çš„æ•°å€¼æ—¶ï¼ˆæ¯”å¦‚æ•°åƒï¼‰æ‰ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿä½œç”¨ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\doublehyphendemerits| ä¸º $10000$ã€‚
}
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts finalhyphendemerits {\param{number}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%{\tighten
%This parameter specifies additional \minref{demerits} that \TeX\
%attaches to a breakpoint that causes
%the next to last line of a paragraph to end with a hyphen.
%Such a hyphen is generally considered to be unaesthetic
%because of the possible blank space from a short last line beneath it.
%Increasing the value of this parameter has the effect of discouraging
%\TeX\ from ending the next to the last line with a hyphen.
%Demerits are in units of \minref{badness} squared, so
%you need to assign a rather large value to this parameter (in the
%thousands) for it to have any effect.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\finalhyphendemerits| to $5000$.
%}
%\eix^^{hyphenation//penalties for}
\minrefs{line break}
{\tighten
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨æ®µè½å€’æ•°ç¬¬äºŒè¡Œä»¥è¿žå­—ç¬¦ç»“å°¾æ—¶æ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„é¢å¤–\minref{ç¼ºé™·}å€¼ã€‚
ç”±äºŽè¯¥è¡Œä¸‹é¢å¯èƒ½æœ‰çŸ­è¡Œé€&nbsp;æˆçš„ç©ºç™½ï¼Œè¿™æ&nbsp;·çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦é€šå¸¸è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯ç¼ºä¹ç¾Žæ„Ÿçš„ã€‚
å¢žå¤§æ­¤å‚æ•°å°†é˜»ç¢ \TeX\ å°†æ®µè½å€’æ•°ç¬¬äºŒè¡Œè¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
ç¼ºé™·ä»¥\minref{åŠ£åº¦}çš„å¹³æ–¹ä¸ºå•ä½ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤åªæœ‰åœ¨ç»™å®šä¸€ä¸ªè¾ƒå¤§çš„æ•°å€¼æ—¶ï¼ˆæ¯”å¦‚æ•°åƒï¼‰æ‰ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿä½œç”¨ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\finalhyphendemerits| ä¸º $5000$ã€‚
}
\eix^^{è¿žå­—//è¿žå­—çš„æƒ©ç½š}
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts binoppenalty {\param{number}}
\explain
%^^{operators}
%This parameter specifies the penalty for breaking a math formula
%after a binary operator when the formula appears in a paragraph.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\binoppenalty| to $700$.
^^{è¿ç®—ç¬¦}
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨æ®µå†…å…¬å¼çš„äºŒå…ƒè¿ç®—ç¬¦åŽæ–­è¡Œæ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„æƒ©ç½šå€¼ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\binoppenalty| ä¸º $700$ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts relpenalty {\param{number}}
\explain
%^^{relations}
%This parameter specifies the penalty for breaking a math formula
%after a relation when the formula appears in a paragraph.
%\PlainTeX\ sets |\rel!-penal!-ty| to~$500$.
%
%\eix^^{line breaks//parameters affecting}
^^{å…³ç³»ç¬¦}
æ­¤å‚æ•°æŒ‡å®š \TeX\ åœ¨æ®µå†…å…¬å¼çš„äºŒå…ƒå…³ç³»ç¬¦åŽæ–­è¡Œæ‰€é™„åŠ&nbsp;çš„æƒ©ç½šå€¼ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\rel!-penal!-ty| ä¸º~$500$ã€‚

\eix^^{æ–­è¡Œ//å½±å“æ–­è¡Œçš„å‚æ•°}
\enddesc

%==========================================================================
%\subsection {Hyphenation}
\subsection {è¿žå­—}

\begindesc
\bix^^{è¿žå­—}
%
\easy\ctspecial - \ctsxrdef{@minus}
\explain
%The |\-| command inserts a ``discretionary hyphen''
%^^{discretionary hyphens}
%into a word.
%The discretionary hyphen allows \TeX\ to hyphenate the word at that
%place.  \TeX\ isn't obliged to hyphenate there---it does so
%only if it needs to.  This command is useful when a word
%that occurs in one or two places in your document
%needs to be hyphenated,
%but \TeX\ can't find an appropriate hyphenation point on its own.
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤åœ¨å•è¯ä¸­åŠ&nbsp;å…¥â€œè‡ªå®šè¿žå­—ç¬¦â€ã€‚
^^{è‡ªå®šè¿žå­—ç¬¦}
è‡ªå®šè¿žå­—ç¬¦å…è®¸ \TeX\ åœ¨è¯¥å¤„è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
ä½† \TeX\ æœªå¿…éžå¾—å¦‚æ­¤è¿žå­—ï¼ï¼å®ƒä»…åœ¨å¿…è¦æ—¶è¿™æ&nbsp;·åšã€‚
å½“æŸä¸ªå•è¯åœ¨æ–‡æ¡£ä¸­å‡ºçŽ°ä¸€æ¬¡æˆ–å¤šæ¬¡ï¼Œè€Œ \TeX\ åˆæ‰¾ä¸åˆ°åˆé€‚è¿žå­—ç‚¹æ—¶ï¼Œ
è¿™ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤å°±æ¯”è¾ƒæœ‰ç”¨äº†ã€‚
\example
Alice was exceedingly reluctant to shake hands first
with either Twee\-dle\-dum or Twee\-dle\-dee, for
fear of hurting the other one's feelings.
|
\produces
Alice was exceedingly reluctant to shake hands first
with either Twee\-dle\-dum or Twee\-dle\-dee, for
fear of hurting the other one's feelings.
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts discretionary {\rqbraces{\&lt;pre-break text&gt;}
   \rqbraces{\&lt;post-break text&gt;}
   \rqbraces{\&lt;no-break text&gt;}}
\explain
%\minrefs{line break}
%^^{hyphenation}
%This command specifies a ``discretionary break'', namely,
%a place where \TeX\ can break a line.
%It also tells \TeX\ what text to put on either side of the break.
%\ulist
%\li If \TeX\ does not break there, it uses the \&lt;no-break text&gt;.
%\li If \TeX\ does break there, it puts the \&lt;pre-break text&gt; just before
%the break and the \&lt;post-break text&gt; just after the break.
%\endulist
%\noindent
%Just as with |\-|,
%\TeX\ isn't obligated to break a line at a discretionary break.
%In fact, |\-| is ordinarily equivalent to |\discretionary!allowbreak{-}{}{}|.
%
%\TeX\ sometimes inserts discretionary breaks on its own.
%For example, it inserts |\discretionary!allowbreak{}{}{}| after
%an explicit hyphen or dash.
\minrefs{line break}
^^{è¿žå­—}
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤æŒ‡å®šä¸€ä¸ªâ€œè‡ªå®šæ–­ç‚¹â€ï¼Œå³ï¼Œ\TeX\ å¯ä»¥æ–­è¡Œçš„ä½ç½®ã€‚
å®ƒè¿˜å‘Šè¯‰ \TeX\ åœ¨æ–­ç‚¹å‰åŽæ”¾ç½®çš„æ–‡å­—ã€‚
\ulist
\li å¦‚æžœ \TeX\ ä¸åœ¨è¯¥å¤„æ–­è¡Œï¼Œå®ƒä½¿ç”¨ \&lt;no-break text&gt;ã€‚
\li å¦‚æžœ \TeX\ ç¡®å®žåœ¨è¯¥å¤„æ–­è¡Œï¼Œå®ƒæŠŠ \&lt;pre-break text&gt; æ”¾åœ¨æ–­ç‚¹å‰ï¼Œ
è€ŒæŠŠ \&lt;post-break text&gt; æ”¾åœ¨æ–­ç‚¹åŽã€‚
\endulist
\noindent
å¦‚åŒ |\-|ï¼Œåœ¨è‡ªå®šæ–­ç‚¹å¤„ \TeX\ æœªå¿…éžå¾—æ–­è¡Œã€‚
å®žé™…ä¸Š, |\-| é€šå¸¸ç­‰åŒäºŽ |\discretionary!allowbreak{-}{}{}|ã€‚

\TeX\ æœ‰æ—¶ä¹Ÿä¼šåŠ&nbsp;å…¥è‡ªå·±çš„è‡ªå®šæ–­ç‚¹ã€‚
ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œå®ƒåœ¨æ˜¾å¼è¿žå­—å·æˆ–è€…ç&nbsp;´æŠ˜å·åŽåŠ&nbsp;å…¥|\discretionary!allowbreak{}{}{}|ã€‚

{%\hyphenchar\ententt=-1 % needed to avoid weirdnesses
\example
% An ordinary discretionary hyphen (equivalent to \-):
\discretionary{-}{}{}
% A place where TeX can break a line, but should not
% insert a space if the line isn't broken there, e.g.,
% after a dash:
\discretionary{}{}{}
% Accounts for German usage: `flicken', but `flik-
% ken':
German ``fli\discretionary{k-}{k}{ck}en''
|
^^{è¿žå­—//å¾·è¯­è¿žå­—}
\endexample}

\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts hyphenation {\rqbraces{\&lt;word&gt;\thinspace\vs\ $\ldots$\ \vs
   \thinspace\&lt;word&gt;}}
\explain
%\TeX\ keeps a dictionary of exceptions to its ^{hyphenation} rules.
%Each dictionary entry indicates how a particular word should
%be hyphenated.
%The |\hyphenation| command adds words to the dictionary.
%Its argument is a sequence of words separated by blanks.
%Uppercase and lowercase letters are equivalent.
%The hyphens in each word indicate the places
%where \TeX\ can hyphenate that word.
%A word with no hyphens in it will never be hyphenated.
%However, you can still override the hyphenation dictionary by
%using |\-| in a particular occurrence of a word.
%You need to provide all the grammatical forms of a word
%that you want \TeX\ to handle, e.g., both the singular and the plural.
\TeX\ ä¸­æœ‰ä¸ªè¯å…¸è®°å½•äº†å®ƒçš„^{è¿žå­—}è§„åˆ™çš„ä¾‹å¤–æƒ…å½¢ã€‚
è¯å…¸ä¸­æ¯ä¸ªæ¡ç›®æŒ‡æ˜Žäº†æŸä¸ªå•è¯åº”è¯¥å¦‚ä½•è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
è¿™ä¸ª |\hyphenation| å‘½ä»¤ç”¨äºŽæ·»åŠ&nbsp;å•è¯åˆ°è¯¥è¯å…¸ã€‚
å®ƒçš„å‚æ•°æ˜¯ç”¨ç©ºæ&nbsp;¼åˆ†å¼€çš„å¤šä¸ªå•è¯ï¼Œä¸åŒºåˆ†å­—æ¯å¤§å°å†™ã€‚
å•è¯ä¸­çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦æŒ‡æ˜Ž \TeX\ å¯ä»¥åœ¨å“ªäº›åœ°æ–¹å°†å®ƒè¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
ä¸€ä¸ªä¸å«è¿žå­—ç¬¦çš„å•è¯å°†æ°¸è¿œä¸ä¼šè¢«è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
ç„¶è€Œï¼Œåœ¨ç‰¹å®šå•è¯ä¸­çš„ |\-| è¿˜æ˜¯ä¼˜å…ˆäºŽè¿žå­—è¯å…¸ä¸­å¯¹è¯¥å•è¯çš„è§„å®šã€‚
ä½&nbsp;éœ€è¦æä¾›å•è¯çš„å„ç§è¯­æ³•å½¢å¼ç»™ \TeX\ å¤„ç†ï¼Œæ¯”å¦‚å•æ•°å’Œå¤æ•°å½¢å¼ã€‚

\example
\hyphenation{Gry-phon my-co-phagy}
\hyphenation{man-u-script man-u-scripts piz-za}
|
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts uchyph {\param{number}}
\explain
%A positive value of |\uchyph| (uppercase hyphenation)
%permits hyphenation of words, such as proper names,
%that start with a capital letter.
%A zero or negative
%value inhibits such hyphenation.  \PlainTeX\ sets |\uchyph| to $1$,
%so \TeX\  normally tries to hyphenate words that start with a capital letter.
å– |\uchyph|ï¼ˆå¤§å†™å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ï¼‰ä¸ºæ­£æ•°ï¼Œ
å°†å…è®¸å¯¹ä¸“æœ‰åè¯ç­‰ä»¥å¤§å†™å­—æ¯å¼€å§‹çš„å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
å–ä¸ºé›¶æˆ–è€…è´Ÿæ•°å°†ç¦æ­¢æ­¤ç±»è¿žå­—ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\uchyph| ä¸º $1$ï¼Œ
å›&nbsp;æ­¤ \TeX\ ä¸€èˆ¬ä¼šè¯•ç€å°†å¤§å†™å­—æ¯å¼€å§‹çš„å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts showhyphens {\rqbraces{\&lt;word&gt;\thinspace\vs\ $\ldots$\ \vs
   \thinspace\&lt;word&gt;}}
\explain
%This command isn't normally used in documents, but you can use it at
%your terminal to see how \TeX\ would hyphenate some random set of words.
%The words, with hyphenations indicated, appear both in the log and at
%your terminal.  You'll get a complaint about an underfull hbox---just
%ignore it.
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤åœ¨æ–‡æ¡£ä¸­ä¸€èˆ¬ä¸ä¼šç”¨åˆ°ï¼Œ
ä½¿ç”¨å®ƒä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥åœ¨ç»ˆç«¯è¾“å‡ºä¸­çœ‹åˆ° \TeX\ å¯¹ä¸€äº›å•è¯æ˜¯å¦‚ä½•è¿žå­—çš„ã€‚
ç”¨è¿žå­—ç¬¦è¡¨ç¤ºçš„å•è¯å°†å‡ºçŽ°åœ¨ç¼–è¯‘è®°å½•å’Œç»ˆç«¯è¾“å‡ºä¸­ã€‚
åŒæ—¶ä½&nbsp;ä¹Ÿä¼šçœ‹åˆ°å…³äºŽâ€œæ¾æ•£çš„ç›’å­â€çš„è­¦å‘Šï¼Œå¿½ç•¥å®ƒå³å¯ã€‚
\example
\showhyphens{threshold quizzical draughts argumentative}
|
\logproduces
Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 0
[] \tenrm thresh-old quizzi-cal draughts ar-gu-men-ta-tive
|
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts language {\param{number}}
\explain
%Different languages have different sets of hyphenation rules.
%This parameter determines the set of ^{hyphenation rules} that \TeX\ uses.
%By changing |\language| you can get \TeX\
%to hyphenate portions of text or entire documents according to the
%hyphenation rules appropriate to a particular language.
%^^{European languages}
%Your ^{local information} about \TeX\ will tell you if any
%additional sets of hyphenation rules are available (besides the
%ones for English)
%and what the appropriate values of |\language| are.
%The default value of |\language| is $0$.
%
%\TeX\ sets the current language to $0$ at the start of every paragraph,
%and compares |\language| to the current language whenever it adds
%a character to the current paragraph.
%If they are not the same, \TeX\ adds a ^{whatsit} indicating the
%language change.
%This whatsit is the clue in later processing that the language rules
%should change.
ä¸åŒçš„è¯­è¨€æœ‰ä¸åŒçš„è¿žå­—è§„åˆ™ã€‚æ­¤å‚æ•°ç¡®å®š \TeX\ ä½¿ç”¨å“ªç»„^{è¿žå­—è§„åˆ™}ã€‚
é€šè¿‡æ”¹å˜ |\language|ï¼Œ
ä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥è®© \TeX\ å¯¹éƒ¨åˆ†æˆ–æ•´ä¸ªæ–‡æ¡£ç”¨ç‰¹å®šè¯­è¨€çš„è¿žå­—è§„åˆ™è¿žå­—ã€‚
^^{æ¬§æ´²è¯­è¨€}
ä½&nbsp;æ‰€ç”¨çš„ \TeX\ ä¼šè¯´æ˜Ž
æ˜¯å¦è¿˜æœ‰å¦å¤–çš„è¿žå­—è§„åˆ™å¯ç”¨ï¼ˆé™¤äº†è‹±è¯­ï¼‰ï¼Œ
ä»¥åŠé€‚å½“çš„ |\language| å€¼æ˜¯å“ªäº›ã€‚
é»˜è®¤çš„ |\language| å€¼ä¸º $0$ã€‚

åœ¨æ®µè½å¼€å§‹å¤„ï¼Œ\TeX\ è®¾å®šå½“å‰è¯­è¨€å€¼ä¸º $0$ã€‚
åœ¨æ·»åŠ&nbsp;å­—ç¬¦åˆ°å½“å‰æ®µè½æ—¶ï¼Œ\TeX\ ä¼šæ¯”è¾ƒ |\language| å’Œå½“å‰è¯­è¨€å€¼ã€‚
å¦‚æžœä¸¤è€…ä¸åŒï¼Œ\TeX\ æ·»åŠ&nbsp;ä¸€ä¸ª^{å°çŽ©æ„}ï¼Œè¡¨æ˜Žå½“å‰è¯­è¨€çš„å˜åŒ–ã€‚
è¿™ä¸ªå°çŽ©æ„æç¤ºåŽç»­å¤„ç†æ—¶æ‰€ç”¨çš„è¯­è¨€è§„åˆ™åº”è¯¥æ”¹å˜ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts setlanguage {\&lt;number&gt;}
\explain
%This command sets the current language to \&lt;number&gt;
%by inserting the same whatsit that you'd get by changing ^|\language|.
%However, it does not change the value of |\language|.
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤é€šè¿‡æ·»åŠ&nbsp;å°çŽ©æ„è®¾å®šå½“å‰è¯­è¨€å€¼ä¸º \&lt;number&gt;ã€‚
è¯¥å°çŽ©æ„å’Œä¿®æ”¹ ^|\language| æ—¶çš„ä¸€æ&nbsp;·ã€‚
ç„¶è€Œï¼Œæ­¤å‘½ä»¤ä¸ä¼šæ”¹åŠ¨ |\language| çš„å€¼ã€‚
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts lefthyphenmin {\param{number}}
\cts righthyphenmin {\param{number}}
\explain
%These parameters specify the smallest word fragments that \TeX\ allows
%at the left and at the right end of a hyphenated word.
%\PlainTeX\ defaults them to $2$ and $3$ respectively;
%these are the recommended values for English.
è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªå‚æ•°æŒ‡å®šï¼Œå¯¹äºŽè¿žå­—å•è¯ï¼Œ\TeX\ åœ¨è¿žå­—ç¬¦å·¦å³è‡³å°‘å¾—æœ‰å‡&nbsp;ä¸ªå­—æ¯ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ ä¸­ä¸¤è€…çš„é»˜è®¤å€¼åˆ†åˆ«ä¸º $2$ å’Œ $3$ï¼›
è¿™æ˜¯è‹±è¯­çš„å»ºè®®å€¼ã€‚
\enddesc

%\begindesc
%\bix^^{fonts//hyphenation characters for}
%\cts hyphenchar {\&lt;font&gt;\param{number}}
%\explain
\begindesc
\bix^^{å­—ä½“//å­—ä½“çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦}
\cts hyphenchar {\&lt;font&gt;\param{number}}
\explain
%\TeX\ doesn't necessarily use the `-' character at hyphenation points.
%Instead, it uses the |\hyphenchar| of the current font, which is usually
%`-' but need not be.   If a font has a negative |\hyphenchar| value,
%\TeX\ won't hyphenate words in that font.
%
%Note that \&lt;font&gt; is a control sequence
%that names a font, not a \&lt;font\-name&gt; that names font files.
%Beware:
%an assignment to |\hyphenchar| is \emph{not} undone at the end
%of a group.
%If you want to change |\hyphenchar| locally, you'll need to
%save and restore its original value explicitly.
\TeX\ æœªå¿…æ€»æ˜¯ä»¥ `-' å­—ç¬¦ä¸ºè¿žå­—ç¬¦ã€‚
å®žé™…ä¸Šï¼Œå®ƒä½¿ç”¨çš„æ˜¯å½“å‰å­—ä½“çš„ |\hyphenchar|ï¼Œ
æ­¤å­—ç¬¦é€šå¸¸æ˜¯ `-' ä½†æœªå¿…æ€»æ˜¯ã€‚
è‹¥æŸå­—ä½“çš„ |\hyphenchar| å€¼ä¸ºè´Ÿæ•°ï¼Œ
\TeX\ å°†ä¸ä¼šå¯¹è¯¥å­—ä½“ä¸‹çš„å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ã€‚

æ³¨æ„ \&lt;font&gt; æŒ‡çš„æ˜¯è¯¥å­—ä½“çš„æŽ§åˆ¶åºåˆ—åç§°ï¼Œ
è€Œä¸æ˜¯å­—ä½“æ–‡ä»¶å \&lt;font\-name&gt;ã€‚
è°¨è®°ï¼šåœ¨ç¼–ç»„ç»“æŸæ—¶æ‰€åˆ†é…çš„ |\hyphenchar| \emph{ä¸ä¼š}æ’¤é”€ã€‚
è‹¥è¦å±€éƒ¨æ”¹å˜ |\hyphenchar|ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¿…é¡»æ˜¾å¼åœ°ä¿å­˜å’Œæ¢å¤åŽŸæœ‰å–å€¼ã€‚
\example
\hyphenchar\tenrm = `-
   % Set hyphenation for tenrm font to `-'.
\hyphenchar\tentt = -1
   % Don't hyphenate words in font tentt.
|
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts defaulthyphenchar {\param{number}}
\explain
%When \TeX\ reads the metrics file
%^^{metrics file//default hyphen in}
%for a font in response to a
%^|\font| command, it sets the font's ^|\hyphenchar| to
%|\default!-hyphen!-char|.
%If the value of |\default!-hyphen!-char| is
%not in the range $0$--$255$ when you load a font,
%\TeX\ won't hyphenate any words in that font  unless you
%override the decision by setting the font's |\hyphenchar| later on.
%\PlainTeX\  sets |\default!-hyphen!-char| to $45$, the \ascii\ code
%for `|-|'.
å½“ \TeX\ ç¢°åˆ° ^|\font| å‘½ä»¤æ—¶ï¼Œå®ƒè¯»å–è¯¥å­—ä½“çš„åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶ï¼Œ
å¹¶è®¾ç½®è¯¥å­—ä½“çš„ ^|\hyphenchar| ä¸º |\default!-hyphen!-char|ã€‚
^^{åº¦é‡æ–‡ä»¶//å…¶ä¸­çš„é»˜è®¤è¿žå­—ç¬¦}
å¦‚æžœè½½å…¥å­—ä½“æ—¶ |\default!-hyphen!-char| çš„å€¼ä¸åœ¨ $0$--$255$
èŒƒå›´ä¸­ï¼Œ\TeX\ å°†ä¸ä¼šå¯¹è¯¥å­—ä½“ä¸‹çš„ä»»ä½•å•è¯è¿žå­—åŒ–ï¼›
é™¤éžä½&nbsp;ä»¥åŽç”¨ |\hyphenchar| å‘½ä»¤è®¾å®šæ­¤å­—ä½“çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦ã€‚
\PlainTeX\ è®¾å®š |\default!-hyphen!-char| ä¸º $45$ï¼Œ
å³ `|-|' å­—ç¬¦çš„ \ascii\ ç&nbsp;ã€‚
\example
\defaulthyphenchar = `-
   % Assume `-' is the hyphen, unless overridden.
\defaulthyphenchar = -1
   % Don't hyphenate, unless overridden.
|
\endexample

%\eix^^{fonts//hyphenation characters for}
%\enddesc
\eix^^{å­—ä½“//å­—ä½“çš„è¿žå­—ç¬¦}
\enddesc

%\see |\pretolerance| (\xref \pretolerance).
%\eix^^{hyphenation}
%\eix^^{line breaks}
\see |\pretolerance|ï¼ˆ\xref\pretolerance ï¼‰ã€‚
\eix^^{è¿žå­—}
\eix^^{æ–­è¡Œ}

%==========================================================================
%\section {Section headings, lists, and theorems}
\section {åˆ†èŠ‚ã€åˆ—è¡¨å’Œå®šç†}

%\begindesc
%^^{section headings}
%\easy\ctspecial beginsection {\&lt;argument&gt;\thinspace{\bt\\par}}
%   \ctsxrdef{@beginsection}
%\explain
%You can use this command to begin a major subdivision of your document.
%\&lt;argument&gt; is intended to serve as a section title.
%|\beginsection| surrounds \&lt;argument&gt;
%by extra vertical space and sets it in
%boldface, left-justified.
%You can produce the |\par| that ends \&lt;argument&gt; with a blank line.
%\let\message = \gobble % Don't bother to tell us about Pig and Pepper.
\begindesc
^^{èŠ‚æ&nbsp;‡é¢˜}
\easy\ctspecial beginsection {\&lt;argument&gt;\thinspace{\bt\\par}}
   \ctsxrdef{@beginsection}
\explain
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤å¼€å§‹æ–‡æ¡£çš„ä¸€èŠ‚ã€‚
\&lt;argument&gt; ç”¨äºŽè¡¨ç¤ºèŠ‚æ&nbsp;‡é¢˜ã€‚
æ&nbsp;‡é¢˜å°†ç”¨ç²—ä½“æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼Œé&nbsp;å·¦å¯¹é½ï¼Œè€Œä¸”ä¸Šä¸‹æœ‰é¢å¤–çš„ç«–ç›´é—´è·ã€‚
ä½&nbsp;ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥åœ¨ \&lt;argument&gt; åŽç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªç©ºè¡Œå¾—åˆ° |\par|ã€‚
\let\message = \gobble % Don't bother to tell us about Pig and Pepper.
\example
$\ldots$  till she had brought herself down to nine
inches high.

\beginsection Section 6. Pig and Pepper

For a minute or two she stood looking at the house $\ldots$
|
\produces
$\ldots$  till she had brought herself down to nine
inches high.

\beginsection Section 6. Pig and Pepper

For a minute or two she stood looking at the house $\ldots$
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\cts item {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\cts itemitem {\&lt;argument&gt;}
\explain
%^^{itemized lists}
%These commands are useful for creating ^{itemized lists}.  The entire paragraph
%following \&lt;argument&gt; is indented by |\parindent|
%^^|\parindent//indentation for itemized lists|
%(for |\item|) or by |2\parindent| (for |\itemitem|).
%(See \xrefpg{\parindent} for an explanation of |\parindent|.)
%Then \&lt;argument&gt;,
%followed by an en space, is placed just to
%the left of the text of the
%first line of the paragraph so that it falls within the paragraph indentation
%as specified by |\parindent|.
%
%If you want to include more than one
%paragraph in an item, put |\item{}| in front of the additional paragraphs.
^^{é€é¡¹åˆ—è¡¨}
è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªå‘½ä»¤ç”¨äºŽåˆ›å»º^{é€é¡¹åˆ—è¡¨}ã€‚
åœ¨ \&lt;argument&gt; åŽé¢çš„æ•´ä¸ªæ®µè½ä¼šæœ‰ |\parindent|ï¼ˆå¯¹äºŽ|\item|ï¼‰æˆ–è€…
|2\parindent|ï¼ˆå¯¹äºŽ |\itemitem|ï¼‰çš„ç¼©è¿›ã€‚%
ï¼ˆ|\parindent| çš„è§£é‡Šè§\xrefpg{\parindent}ã€‚ï¼‰
^^|\parindent//é€é¡¹åˆ—è¡¨çš„ç¼©è¿›|
\&lt;argument&gt; åŠ&nbsp;ä¸Š 1en çš„é—´è·åŽè¢«æ”¾ç½®åœ¨æ®µè½é¦–è¡Œæ–‡å­—çš„å·¦è¾¹ã€‚
ä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯è¯´ï¼Œå®ƒæ€»æ˜¯è½åœ¨ç”± |\parindent| ç¡®å®šçš„æ®µè½ç¼©è¿›ç©ºç™½ä¸­ã€‚

è¦è®©ä¸€ä¸ªåˆ—è¡¨é¡¹åŒ…å«å¤šä¸ªæ®µè½ï¼Œå¯ä»¥å°† |\item{}| æ”¾åœ¨å¦å¤–çš„æ®µè½å‰ã€‚
\example
{\parindent = 18pt
\noindent Here is what we require:
\item{1.}Three eggs in their shells,
but with the yolks removed.
\item{2.}Two separate glass cups containing:
\itemitem{(a)}One-half cup {\it used} motor oil.
\itemitem{(b)}One cup port wine, preferably French.
\item{3.}Juice and skin of one turnip.}
|
\produces
{\parindent = 18pt
\noindent Here is what we require:
\item{1.}Three eggs in their shells,
but with the yolks removed.
\item{2.}Two separate glass cups containing:
\itemitem{(a)}One-half cup {\it used} motor oil.
\itemitem{(b)}One cup port wine, preferably French.
\item{3.}Juice and skin of one turnip.}
\endexample
\enddesc

\begindesc
\easy\ctspecial proclaim {\&lt;argument&gt;{\tt.}\vs\thinspace
   \&lt;general text&gt;\thinspace{\bt\\par}}
   \ctsxrdef{@proclaim}
\explain
%^^{theorems}
%^^{lemmas}
%^^{hypotheses}
%This command ``proclaims'' a theorem, lemma, hypothesis, etc.
%It sets \&lt;argument&gt; in boldface type and the following paragraph in
%italics.  \&lt;arg\-u\-ment&gt; must be followed by a period and a space token,
%which serve
%to set off \&lt;argument&gt; from \&lt;general text&gt;.
%\&lt;general text&gt; consists of the text up to the next paragraph
%boundary, except that you can include multiple paragraphs by putting them
%within braces and ending a paragraph after the closing right brace.
^^{å®šç†}
^^{å¼•ç†}
^^{å‡è®¾}
æ­¤å‘½ä»¤â€œé™ˆè¿°â€ä¸€ä¸ªå®šç†ã€å¼•ç†ã€å‡è®¾ç­‰ã€‚
å®ƒç”¨ç²—ä½“æ˜¾ç¤º \&lt;argument&gt;ï¼Œå¹¶ç”¨æ–œä½“æ˜¾ç¤ºåŽé¢çš„æ®µè½ã€‚
\&lt;arg\-u\-ment&gt; åŽé¢å¿…é¡»è·Ÿç€å¥å·å’Œç©ºæ&nbsp;¼ï¼Œ
ä»¥æ­¤åŒºåˆ†å¼€ \&lt;argument&gt; å’Œ \&lt;general text&gt;ã€‚
\&lt;general text&gt; åˆ°ä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªæ®µè½ä¹‹å‰æˆªæ­¢ï¼›
è‹¥è¦åŒ…å«å¤šä¸ªæ®µè½ï¼Œä½&nbsp;å¯ä»¥å°†å®ƒä»¬æ”¾åœ¨èŠ±æ‹¬å·ä¸­ï¼Œ
å¹¶ä¸”åœ¨å³èŠ±æ‹¬å·åŽç»“æŸæ®µè½\thinspace%
\footnote{è¯‘æ³¨ï¼šåŽŸæ–‡å…³äºŽåŒ…å«å¤šä¸ªæ®µè½è¿™å¥ä¼¼æœ‰é”™è¯¯ã€‚
ä½†æ”¹ç”¨ |\endgraf| ç»“æŸæ®µè½å°±å¯ä»¥åŒ…å«å¤šä¸ªæ®µè½ã€‚}ã€‚
\example
\proclaim Theorem 1.
What I say is not to be believed.

\proclaim Corollary 1. Theorem 1 is false.\par
|
\produces
\proclaim Theorem 1.
What I say is not to be believed.

\proclaim Corollary 1. Theorem 1 is false.\par
\endexample
\enddesc

\enddescriptions

\ifoldeplain\else\ifcompletebook\else
\vskip4em{\sectionfonts\leftline{æœ¬ç«&nbsp;ç´¢å¼•}}
\readindexfile{i}
\fi\fi

\endchapter
\byebye
</pre></body></html>